Abstract: Juyiwar jujjuyawar madaidaicin madaidaicin sifili kusan sifili ne, wanda ke shawo kan lahani wanda madaidaicin hinges ɗin ke buƙatar jujjuyawar tuƙi, kuma ana iya amfani da su zuwa masu sassauƙan grippers da sauran filayen. Ɗaukar zobe masu sassauƙa na ciki da na waje a ƙarƙashin aikin tsattsauran ƙayyadaddun ƙarfi a matsayin ingantaccen tsarin ƙanƙara, bincike Tsarin ƙunci mara kyau da madaidaicin tauri mai kyau da mara kyau na iya gina madaidaicin madaidaicin sifili. Ba da shawarar tsarin jujjuyawar taurin mara kyau——Crank spring inji, wanda aka tsara da kuma nazarin halayen taurinsa mara kyau; ta hanyar daidaita madaidaicin taurin kai da mara kyau, an bincika tasirin sigogin tsari na injin bazara na crank akan ingancin sifili; ya ba da shawarar bazara mai linzami tare da taurin kai da girman da za a iya daidaitawa——Zaren bazara mai siffar lu'u-lu'u, an kafa samfurin taurin kai kuma an aiwatar da tabbacin simintin simintin ƙayyadaddun abubuwa; a ƙarshe, an kammala ƙira, sarrafawa da gwaji na ƙaramin sifili mai sassauƙan hinge. Sakamakon gwajin ya nuna cewa: a ƙarƙashin aikin matsi mai tsafta.±18°A cikin kewayon kusurwoyi na juyawa, juzu'in jujjuyawar jujjuyawar madaidaicin sifili shine 93% ƙasa da na ciki da na waje m hinges a matsakaita. Gine-ginen sifili mai sassauƙa mai sassauƙa yana da ƙaƙƙarfan tsari da ƙarancin sifili mai inganci; dabarar jujjuyawa mara kyau-taurin kai da madaidaiciyar bazarar tana da babban darajar tunani don nazarin tsarin sassauƙa.

0 gabatarwa

Hange mai sassauƙa (mai ɗaukar nauyi)

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Dogaro da nakasawa na naúrar sassauƙa don watsawa ko canza motsi, ƙarfi da kuzari, an yi amfani da shi sosai a daidaitaccen matsayi da sauran fannoni. Idan aka kwatanta da ƙaƙƙarfan birai na gargajiya, akwai lokacin maidowa lokacin da madaidaicin madaidaicin ke juyawa. Saboda haka, naúrar tuƙi tana buƙatar samar da ƙarfin fitarwa don tuƙi da Ci gaba da jujjuyawar hinge mai sassauƙa. Sifili taurin m hinge

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(Zero stiffness flexural pivot, ZSFP) haɗin haɗin gwiwa ne mai sassauƙa wanda taurin juyawa ya kai kusan sifili. Irin wannan hinge mai sassauƙa na iya tsayawa a kowane matsayi a cikin kewayon bugun bugun jini, wanda kuma aka sani da ma'aunin ma'auni mai sauƙi

^[4]

, galibi ana amfani da su a fagage irin su masu sassauƙa.

Dangane da tsarin ƙirar ƙirar ƙirar ƙirar sassauƙa, gabaɗayan tsarin sifili mai sassauƙa mai sassauƙa za a iya kasu kashi biyu na ƙayyadaddun ƙayyadaddun ƙaƙƙarfan ƙarfi da mara kyau, kuma ana iya aiwatar da tsarin sifili ta hanyar madaidaicin tauri mai kyau da mara kyau.

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. Daga cikin su, ingantaccen tsarin taurin kai yawanci babban madaidaicin madauri ne, kamar madaidaicin madaurin giciye.

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, gabaɗaya mai sassauƙan hinge mai-giciye

^[8-9]

da zobe masu sassauƙa na ciki da na waje

^[10-11]

Duka. A halin yanzu, binciken da aka yi a kan madaidaicin hinges ya sami sakamako mai yawa, saboda haka, mabuɗin don ƙirƙira ƙwanƙwasa ƙwanƙwasa ƙwanƙwasa ƙwanƙwasa shi ne ya dace da madaidaicin madaidaicin ƙirar ƙira don masu sassauƙa [3].

Zoben ciki da na waje masu sassauƙan hinges (Cikin ciki da na waje zoben flexural pivots, IORFP) suna da ingantattun halaye dangane da taurin kai, daidaici da matsananciyar zafin jiki. Madaidaicin madaidaicin ƙwanƙwasa mara kyau yana ba da hanyar gini na sifili mai sassauƙa mai sassauƙa, kuma a ƙarshe, ya kammala ƙira, sarrafa samfuri da gwaji na madaidaicin madaidaicin sifili.

1 crank spring inji

1.1 Ma'anar taurin mara kyau

Babban ma'anar taurin kai shine ƙimar canji tsakanin nauyin F da ke ɗauke da sigar roba da madaidaicin nakasar dx.

K= dF/dx (1)

Lokacin da ƙarar nauyin nau'i na roba ya saba da alamar haɓakar nakasar da ta dace, taurin kai mara kyau ne. A zahiri, rashin ƙarfi mara kyau yayi daidai da rashin kwanciyar hankali na nau'in roba

^[12]

.Hanyoyin ƙwanƙwasa mara kyau suna taka muhimmiyar rawa a fagen daidaita ma'auni. Yawancin lokaci, hanyoyin ƙwanƙwasa mara kyau suna da halaye masu zuwa.

(1) Na'urar tana adana wani adadin kuzari ko kuma ta sami wani nakasu.

(2) Tsarin yana cikin yanayin rashin kwanciyar hankali.

(3) Lokacin da injin ya ɗan dame kuma ya bar matsayin ma'auni, zai iya sakin ƙarfi mafi girma, wanda ke cikin hanya ɗaya da motsi.

1.2 Ƙa'idar ginin sifili mai sassauƙan hinge

Za'a iya gina madaidaicin madaidaicin sifili ta hanyar amfani da daidaitaccen taurin kai da mara kyau, kuma ana nuna ƙa'idar a cikin Hoto 2.

(1) Karkashin aikin juzu'i mai tsafta, zobe masu sassauƙa na ciki da na waje suna da kusancin kusurwar jujjuyawar juzu'i, kamar yadda aka nuna a Hoto 2a. Musamman, lokacin da madaidaicin madaidaicin yake a 12.73% na tsayin redi, madaidaicin kusurwar jujjuyawar juzu'i shine madaidaiciya.

^[11]

, a wannan lokacin, lokacin maidowa Mpivot (a gefen agogo) na madaidaicin hinge yana da alaƙa da kusurwar jujjuyawar juyi.θ(counterclockwise) dangantakar ita ce

Mpivot=(8EI/L)θ (2)

A cikin dabarar, E shine ma'auni na roba na kayan, L shine tsayin reed, kuma ni ne lokacin inertia na sashin.

(2) Dangane da tsarin jujjuyawar jujjuyawar ƙugiya masu sassaucin ra'ayi na ciki da na waje, tsarin juyawa mara kyau yana daidaita, kuma ana nuna halayen taurinsa mara kyau a cikin Hoto 2b.

(3) Bisa la'akari da rashin kwanciyar hankali na ma'auni mara kyau

^[12]

, Ƙaƙƙarfan ƙwanƙwasa mai sauƙi mai sauƙi ya kamata ya zama kusan sifili kuma ya fi girma fiye da sifili, kamar yadda aka nuna a cikin Hoto 2c.

1.3 Ma'anar crank spring inji

Dangane da wallafe-wallafen [4], za a iya gina madaidaicin madaurin sifili ta hanyar gabatar da ramin da ya rigaya ya canza tsakanin madaidaicin jiki mai motsi da kafaffen jikin mai sassauƙa. Don zoben ciki da na waje m hinge wanda aka nuna a FIG. 1, an gabatar da maɓuɓɓugar ruwa tsakanin zobe na ciki da zobe na waje, I.e., an gabatar da hanyoyin ruwa-crank (SCM). Dangane da injin sildilar crank da aka nuna a Hoto na 3, ana nuna ma'auni masu alaƙa na injin bazara na crank a cikin hoto na 4. Tsarin crank-spring ya ƙunshi crank da maɓuɓɓugar ruwa (saitin tsauri kamar k). kusurwar farko ita ce kusurwar da aka haɗa tsakanin crank AB da tushe AC lokacin da bazara ba ta lalace ba. R yana wakiltar tsayin crank, l yana wakiltar tsayin tushe, kuma yana bayyana ma'anar crank tsawon a matsayin rabo daga r zuwa l, I .e. = r/l0<<1).

Gina tsarin crank-spring yana buƙatar ƙaddarar sigogi 4: tsayin tushe l, crank tsawon rabo, kusurwar farko da taurin bazara K.

Ana nuna nakasar hanyar bazara ta crank a ƙarƙashin ƙarfi a cikin hoto na 5a, a halin yanzu M

_γ

A ƙarƙashin aikin, crank yana motsawa daga matsayi na farko AB

_Beta

juya AB

_γ

, a lokacin tsarin juyawa, kusurwar da aka haɗa na crank dangane da matsayi na kwance

_γ

ake kira da crank kwana.

Ƙididdigar ƙididdiga ya nuna cewa crank yana juyawa daga AB (matsayi na farko, M & gamma; Zero) zuwa AB0“matattu batu”inda, M

_γ

sifili ne), tsarin crank-spring yana da nakasu tare da halaye mara kyau.

1.4 Alakar da ke tsakanin karfin juyi da kusurwar jujjuyawar injin bazara

A cikin siffa. 5 ,kafin m & gamma; a gefen agogo yana tabbatacce, kusurwar crank & gamma; daidai agogon gefe yana da inganci, kuma lokacin lodin M an ƙirƙira kuma an bincika a ƙasa.

_γ

tare da crank kwana

_γ

Dangantakar da ke tsakanin tsarin ƙirar ƙira tana da girma.

Kamar yadda aka nuna a cikin Hoto 5b, ma'auni na ma'auni don crank AB & an jera gamma.

A cikin tsari, F & gamma; shine ƙarfin dawo da bazara, d & gamma; da F & gamma; don nuna A. A ɗauka cewa alaƙar ƙaura-load na bazara shine

A cikin dabara, K shine taurin bazara (ba lallai ba ne ƙima mai tsayi),δ

xγ

shine adadin nakasar bazara (an gajarta zuwa tabbatacce),δ

xγ

=|B

_Beta

C| – |B

_γ

C|.

Nau'in lokaci ɗaya (3)(5), lokacin M

_γ

tare da kusurwa

_γ

Dangantakar ita ce

1.5 Binciken halayen rashin ƙarfi na crank-spring inji

Don sauƙaƙe nazarin halaye mara kyau na crank-spring inji (lokacin M

_γ

tare da kusurwa

_γ

dangantaka), ana iya ɗauka cewa bazara yana da taurin kai tsaye, sannan za a iya sake rubuta dabara (4).

A cikin dabarar, Kconst ya kasance mafi girma fiye da sifili. Bayan an ƙayyade girman madaidaicin maɗaukaki, tsayin l na tushe kuma an ƙaddara. Don haka, idan aka ɗauka cewa l akai akai, dabara (6) za a iya sake rubutawa azaman

inda Kconstl2 ke dawwama fiye da sifili, kuma daidaitaccen lokacin m & gamma; yana da girma na daya. Za'a iya samun halayen rashin ƙarfi mara kyau na injin crank-spring ta hanyar nazarin alaƙar da ke tsakanin ma'aunin ƙarfi mai ƙarfi m. & gamma; da kusurwar juyawa & gamma.

Daga lissafin (9), Hoto 6 yana nuna kusurwar farko =π dangantaka tsakanin m & gamma; da crank tsawon rabo da juyi kwana & gamma;, & irin;[0.1, 0.9],& gamma;& irin;[0, π]. Hoto na 7 yana nuna alakar da ke tsakanin m & gamma; da kusurwar juyawa & gamma; don = 0.2 kuma daban-daban. Hoto na 8 yana nuna =π Lokacin, a ƙarƙashin daban-daban , dangantaka tsakanin m & gamma; da kwana & gamma.

Dangane da ma'anar ma'anar crank spring inji (sashe 1.3) da dabara (9), lokacin da k da l suna dawwama, m & gamma; Sai kawai mai alaƙa da kusurwa & gamma;, crank tsawon rabo da crank farkon kusurwa.

(1) Idan kuma kawai idan & gamma; daidai yake da 0 koπ ko ,m & gamma; daidai yake da sifili; & gamma; & irin;[0,], m & gamma; ya fi sifili; & gamma; & irin;[π], m & gamma; kasa da sifili. & irin;[0,], m & gamma; ya fi sifili; & gamma;& irin;[π], m & gamma; kasa da sifili.

(2) & gamma; Lokacin [0,], kusurwar juyawa & gamma; girma, m & gamma; yana ƙaruwa daga sifili zuwa kusurwar juyawa & gamma; 0 yana ɗaukar iyakar ƙimar m & gamma; max, sannan a hankali yana raguwa.

(3) The korau stiffness halayyar kewayon crank spring inji: & gamma;& irin;[0, & gamma; 0], a wannan lokacin & gamma; yana ƙaruwa (madaidaicin agogo baya), da karfin juyi M & gamma; yana ƙaruwa (a gefen agogo). Kusurwar jujjuyawa & gamma; 0 shine matsakaicin kusurwar jujjuyawa na mummunan taurin sifa na tsarin crank-spring da & gamma;0 & cin;[0,];m & gamma; max shine matsakaicin madaidaicin lokaci mara kyau. An ba da , ƙaddamar da ƙididdiga (9) ya haifar & gamma;0

(4) mafi girman kusurwar farko, & gamma; mafi girma 0, m

_{γ max}

girma.

(5) mafi girman girman rabo. & gamma; mafi karami 0, m

_{γ max}

girma.

Musamman, =πSiffofin rashin ƙarfi mara kyau na crank spring inji su ne mafi kyau (madaidaicin kusurwar kusurwa yana da girma, kuma karfin da za a iya ba da shi yana da girma). =πA lokaci guda, a ƙarƙashin yanayi daban-daban, matsakaicin kusurwar juyawa & gamma na mummunan taurin siffa na crank spring inji; 0 da matsakaicin madaidaicin madaidaicin magudanar ruwa m & gamma; An jera Max a cikin tebur 1.

2 Gina sifili mai sassauƙan hinge

An nuna ma'auni na tabbatacce da rashin ƙarfi na 2.1 a cikin Hoto 9, n (n 2) ƙungiyoyi na daidaitattun hanyoyin crank spring ana rarraba su a ko'ina a kewayen kewayen, suna samar da ingantacciyar ingantacciyar ingantacciyar hanyar da ta dace da na ciki da na waje m hinges.

Yin amfani da madaidaicin madaidaicin zobe na ciki da na waje azaman ingantacciyar tsarin ƙanƙara, gina madaidaicin madaidaicin sifili. Domin cimma taurin sifili, daidaita taurin mai kyau da mara kyau

lokaci guda (2), (3), (6), (11), da & gamma;=θ, da lodi F & ana iya samun gamma na bazara; da ƙauraδDangantakar x & gamma; shine

Dangane da sashe na 1.5, kewayon kusurwa mara kyau na crank spring inji: & gamma;& irin;[0, & gamma; 0] & gamma;0 & isin;[0,], bugun sifili mai sassauƙan hinge zai zama ƙasa da & gamma; 0, i.e. Ruwan ruwa koyaushe yana cikin gurɓataccen yanayi (δxγ≠0). Kewayon juyawa na ciki da waje zoben m hinges shine±0.35 radi±20°), sauƙaƙe ayyukan trigonometric zunubi & gamma; da cos & gamma; mai bi

Bayan sauƙaƙawa, alaƙar ɗaukar nauyi na bazara

2.2 Kuskuren bincike na samfuri mai daidaitawa mai kyau da mara kyau

Yi la'akari da kuskuren da aka samu ta hanyar sauƙaƙan jiyya na lissafin (13). Dangane da ainihin sigogin aiki na sifili stiffness m hinge (Sashe 4.2): n = 3,l = 40mm, =π, = 0.2, E = 73 GPA; Girman zobe na ciki da na waje m reed hinge L = 46mm, T = 0.3mm, W = 9.4mm; Ƙididdigar kwatancen (12) da (14) suna sauƙaƙe alaƙar ƙaura nauyi da kuskuren dangi na maɓuɓɓugan ruwa na gaba da na baya kamar yadda aka nuna a Figures 10a da 10b bi da bi.

Kamar yadda aka nuna a hoto na 10. & gamma; kasa da 0.35 rad (20°), Kuskuren dangi ya haifar da sauƙaƙan jiyya zuwa madaidaicin matsuguni bai wuce 2.0% ba, kuma dabarar

Za'a iya amfani da sauƙaƙan jiyya na (13) don gina madaidaitan madaidaicin sifili.

2.3 Halayen taurin bazara

Tsammanin tsaurin bazara shine K, na lokaci guda (3), (6), (14)

Dangane da ainihin sigogin aiki na sifili stiffness m hinge (Sashe na 4.2), canjin canjin yanayin bazara K tare da kusurwa & gamma; yana nunawa a hoto na 11. Musamman lokacin & gamma;= 0, K yana ɗaukar mafi ƙarancin ƙima.

Don dacewar ƙira da sarrafawa, bazarar tana ɗaukar madaidaiciyar bazara mai taurin kai, kuma taurin shine Kconst. A cikin duka bugun jini, idan jimillar taurin sifili mai sassaucin hinge ya fi ko daidai da sifili, Kconst yakamata ya ɗauki mafi ƙarancin ƙimar K.

Equation (16) ita ce ƙimar ƙunci na madaidaiciyar madaidaiciyar bazarar bazara lokacin gina madaidaicin madaidaicin sifili. 2.4 Binciken ingancin sifili-taurin Dangantakar matsuguni na madaidaicin madaurin sifili da aka gina.

Za a iya samun dabarar lokaci ɗaya (2), (8), (16).

Don kimanta ingancin sifili taurin, rage kewayon m hinge stiffness kafin da kuma bayan ƙara da korau stiffness module an ayyana matsayin sifili ingancin coefficient.η

η Mafi kusa da 100%, mafi girman ingancin taurin sifili. Hoto na 12 shine 1-η Dangantaka tare da rabo tsawon crank da kusurwar farko η Ya kasance mai zaman kanta daga lambar n na daidaitattun hanyoyin crank-spring da kuma tsawon l na tushe, amma kawai yana da alaƙa da crank tsawon rabo, kusurwar juyawa. & gamma; da kusurwar farko .

(1) Ƙarƙashin farko yana ƙaruwa kuma ƙimar taurin sifili yana inganta.

(2) Matsakaicin tsayi yana ƙaruwa kuma ƙimar ƙarancin sifili yana raguwa.

(3) Kungiya & gamma; yana ƙaruwa, ƙimar taurin sifili yana raguwa.

Domin inganta sifilin sifili ingancin ƙwanƙwasa ƙwanƙwasa ƙwanƙwasa ƙwanƙwasa, kusurwar farko yakamata ya ɗauki ƙimar mafi girma; da crank tsawon rabo ya zama ƙarami kamar yadda zai yiwu. A lokaci guda, bisa ga sakamakon bincike a cikin Sashe na 1.5, idan ya yi ƙanƙara, ikon crank-spring inji don samar da rashin ƙarfi mara kyau zai zama mai rauni. Domin inganta sifili ingancin taurin sifili m hinge, kusurwar farko =π, crank tsawon rabo = 0.2, wato, ainihin aiki sigogi na sashe 4.2 sifili stiffness m hinge.

Dangane da ainihin ma'auni na aiki na sifili mai sauƙi mai sauƙi (Sashe na 4.2), dangantaka mai ƙarfi-kwangiyar da ke tsakanin ciki da na waje zoben m hinges da sifili-stiffness m hinge aka nuna a cikin Hoto 13; raguwar taurin kai shine ƙimar ingancin sifiliηAlakar da kusurwa & gamma; yana nunawa a hoto na 14. Ta Hoto 14: A cikin 0.35 rad (20°) kewayon jujjuyawar, ƙwanƙarar sifili mai ɗorewa mai ɗorewa yana raguwa da matsakaicin 97%; 0.26 raka'a15°) sasanninta, an rage shi da 95%.

3 Zane na madaidaiciyar madaidaiciyar bazara

Gina sifili stiffness m hinge yawanci bayan da aka ƙaddara girman da ƙima na m hinge, sa'an nan da stiffness na bazara a cikin crank spring inji aka koma baya, don haka stiffness da girman bukatun da bazara ne in mun gwada da m. Bugu da ƙari, kusurwar farko =π, daga Hoto na 5a, a lokacin jujjuyawar madaidaicin sifili mai sassauƙa, bazara koyaushe yana cikin yanayin matsawa, wato.“Matsi bazara”.

Tsauri da girman maɓuɓɓugan matsawa na gargajiya suna da wahalar keɓancewa daidai, kuma ana buƙatar tsarin jagora a aikace-aikace. Sabili da haka, ana ba da shawarar bazara wanda taurinsa da girmansa za'a iya daidaita shi——Zaren bazara mai siffar lu'u-lu'u. Zaren bazara mai siffar lu'u-lu'u (Hoto na 15) ya ƙunshi maɓuɓɓugan ganye masu siffar lu'u-lu'u da yawa da aka haɗa cikin jeri. Yana da halaye na ƙirar tsarin kyauta da babban matakin gyare-gyare. Fasahar sarrafa ta ya yi daidai da na madaidaicin hinges, kuma duka biyun ana sarrafa su ta hanyar yankan waya daidai.

3.1 Samfurin ƙaura mai ɗaukar nauyi na kirgin bazara mai siffar lu'u-lu'u

Saboda ma'auni na bazara na ganyen rhombic, bazarar ganye ɗaya ce kawai ake buƙatar yin nazarin damuwa, kamar yadda aka nuna a hoto na 16. α shine kusurwar da ke tsakanin sandar da a kwance, tsayi, faɗi da kauri daga cikin redi ne Ld, Wd, Td bi da bi, f shine nauyin haɗin kai a kan maɓuɓɓugar leaf rhombus,δy shine nakasar ganyen rhombic a cikin y shugabanci, ƙarfin fy da lokacin m suna daidai da lodi akan ƙarshen reed guda, fv da fw sune ƙungiyoyin fy a cikin tsarin haɗin gwiwar wov.

Bisa ga ka'idar nakasar katako na AWTAR[13], haɗin kai-ɗaukaki-daki-daki-daki na reed guda.

Saboda takura dangantakar da taurin jiki a kan redu, karshen kwana na redi kafin da kuma bayan nakasawa ba zero, wato sifili.θ = 0. Na lokaci daya (20)(22)

Equation (23) shine nau'in haɗin kai mai girman ƙaura na rhombic leaf spring. n2 rhombic leaf maɓuɓɓugar ruwa an haɗa su a cikin jeri, kuma nau'in maɓalli na kaya shine

Daga dabara (24), lokacinαLokacin d ƙarami ne, taurin kirtanin bazara mai siffar lu'u-lu'u yana kusan layi ne a ƙarƙashin ma'auni na al'ada da kayan aiki na yau da kullun.

3.2 Tabbacin simintin simintin ƙayyadadden ƙayyadaddun samfurin

Ana aiwatar da tabbataccen simintin simintin ƙayyadaddun ƙayyadaddun samfur na matsuguni na magudanar ruwa mai siffar lu'u-lu'u. Yin amfani da ANSYS Mechanical APDL 15.0, ana nuna sigogin siminti a cikin Tebura 2, kuma ana amfani da matsi na 8 N zuwa maɓuɓɓugar ganye mai siffar lu'u-lu'u.

Kwatanta tsakanin sakamakon samfurin da sakamakon kwaikwayi na rhombus leaf spring lodin matsuwa an nuna shi a cikin siffa. 17 (dimensionalization). Don maɓuɓɓugan ganyen rhombus guda huɗu tare da kusurwoyi daban-daban, kuskuren dangi tsakanin samfurin da ƙarancin simintin simintin ba ya wuce 1.5%. An tabbatar da inganci da daidaiton samfurin (24).

4 Zane da gwajin sifili mai sassauƙan hinge

4.1 Siffar ƙirar sifili mai sassauƙan hinge

Don zayyana madaidaicin madaidaicin madaidaicin sifili, ya kamata a ƙayyade sigogin ƙira na madaidaicin madaidaicin daidai gwargwadon yanayin sabis na farko, sa'an nan kuma yakamata a lissafta ma'auni masu dacewa na injin crank spring inversely.

4.1.1 Matsalolin hinge masu sassauƙa

Matsakaicin tsaka-tsakin zobe mai sassauƙa na ciki da na waje yana kan 12.73% na tsayin redi, kuma ana nuna sigoginsa a cikin Tebura 3. Maye gurbin zuwa lissafi (2), dangantakar kusurwar jujjuyawar juyi na ciki da na waje m hinges shine.

4.1.2 Matsalolin innabi mara kyau

Kamar yadda aka nuna a cikin fig. 18, ɗaukar lambar n na hanyoyin crank spring injuna a layi daya kamar 3, tsayin l = 40 mm an ƙaddara ta girman madaidaicin hinge. bisa ga ƙarshen sashe na 2.4, kusurwar farko =π, rabo tsawon crank = 0.2. Bisa ga lissafin (16), taurin bazara (I .e. Lu'u lu'u lu'u lu'u lu'u lu'u lu'u lu'u lu'u lu'u lu'u lu'u lu'u lu'u lu'u lu'u lu'u lu'u lu'u lu'u lu'u lu'u lu'u lu'u lu'u lu'u lu'u lu'u lu'u lu'u 558.81 N/m (26)

4.1.3 Diamond leaf spring kirtani sigogi

da l = 40mm, =π, = 0.2, ainihin tsawon lokacin bazara shine 48mm, kuma matsakaicin nakasawa (& gamma; = 0) shine 16mm. Saboda ƙayyadaddun tsari, yana da wahala ga bazarar ganyen rhombus guda ɗaya don samar da irin wannan babban nakasa. Yin amfani da maɓuɓɓugan ganyen rhombus guda huɗu a jere (n2 = 4), taurin ganyen ganyen rhombus guda ɗaya shine.

Kd=4Kconst=2235.2 N/m (27)

Dangane da girman ma'aunin taurin mara kyau (Hoto 18), idan aka ba da tsayin redi, faɗi da kusurwar reed na bazara mai siffar lu'u-lu'u, ana iya fitar da redu daga dabara (23) da dabarar taurin kai (27) na leaf mai siffar lu'u-lu'u kauri. An jera sigogin tsarin tushen maɓuɓɓugar leaf rhombus a cikin Tebura 4.

farfajiya4

A taƙaice, an ƙayyade ma'auni na madaidaicin madauri mai sauƙi wanda ya dogara da tsarin bazara na crank, kamar yadda aka nuna a cikin Table 3 da Table 4.

4.2 Zane-zane da sarrafa sifili mai sassauƙa mai sassauƙan hinge samfurin Komawa ga wallafe-wallafe [8] don sarrafawa da hanyar gwaji na madaidaicin madauri. Madaidaicin madaidaicin sifili ya ƙunshi na'ura mara kyau da taurin ciki da waje m hinge a layi daya. An nuna ƙirar tsarin a hoto na 19.

Duka zoben ciki da na waje m hinges da lu'u-lu'u nau'i na leaf spring kirtani ana sarrafa su ta ainihin kayan aikin yankan waya. Ana sarrafa zobe masu sassauƙa na ciki da na waje kuma ana haɗa su cikin yadudduka. Hoto na 20 shine hoton zahiri na saiti uku na igiyoyin bazara mai siffar lu'u-lu'u, kuma Hoto na 21 shine sifili da aka haɗe Hoton jiki na samfurin hinge mai sassauƙa.

4.3 Dandalin gwajin jujjuyawar jujjuyawar hinge mai sassauƙan sifili Dangane da hanyar gwajin jujjuyawar juyi a cikin [8], an gina dandalin gwajin jujjuyawar juzu'i na madaidaicin madaidaicin sifili, kamar yadda aka nuna a hoto 22.

4.4 Gwajin sarrafa bayanai da bincike na kuskure

An gwada taurin juzu'in zobe masu sassauƙa na ciki da na waje da ƙugiya masu sassauƙan sifili akan dandalin gwaji, kuma an nuna sakamakon gwajin a hoto na 23. Yi ƙididdigewa kuma zana madaidaicin ƙimar sifili na madaidaicin madaidaicin sifili bisa ga dabara (19), kamar yadda aka nuna a cikin siffa. 24.

Sakamakon gwajin ya nuna cewa jujjuyawar juzu'i na madaidaicin madaidaicin sifili yana kusa da sifili. Idan aka kwatanta da na ciki da na waje zobe masu sassauƙa, madaidaicin madaidaicin sifili±0.31 raka'a18°) an rage taurin da matsakaita na 93%; 0.26 raka'a15°), an rage taurin da 90%.

Kamar yadda aka nuna a cikin Figures 23 da 24, har yanzu akwai wani tazara tsakanin sakamakon gwajin sifili mai ƙarfi da sakamakon ƙirar ƙira (kuskuren dangi bai wuce 15%) ba, kuma manyan dalilan kuskuren sune kamar haka.

(1) Kuskuren ƙirar da aka haifar ta hanyar sauƙaƙe ayyukan trigonometric.

(2) Tashin hankali. Akwai gogayya tsakanin zaren bazara na leaf lu'u-lu'u da ramin hawa.

(3) Kuskuren sarrafawa. Akwai kurakurai a cikin ainihin girman ramin, da sauransu.

(4) Kuskuren majalisa. Rata tsakanin ramin shigarwa na kirtani mai launin lu'u-lu'u mai launin lu'u-lu'u da shaft, ratar shigarwa na na'urar dandalin gwaji, da dai sauransu.

4.5 Kwatancen aiki tare da madaidaicin madaidaicin madaidaicin sifili A cikin wallafe-wallafe [4], an gina madaidaicin sifili ZSFP_CAFP ta amfani da madaidaicin flexural pivot (CAFP), kamar yadda aka nuna a Hoto 25.

Kwatanta madaidaicin madaurin sifili ZSFP_IORFP (Siffa. 21) da ZSFP_CAFP (Fig. 25) gina ta amfani da ciki da waje zobe m hinges

(1) ZSFP_IORFP, tsarin ya fi m.

(2) Wurin kusurwa na ZSFP_IORFP ƙanana ne. Ƙaƙwalwar kusurwa yana iyakance ta hanyar kusurwar maɗaukaki mai sauƙi da kanta; kewayon kusurwar ZSFP_CAFP80°, ZSFP_IORFP kewayon kusurwa40°.

(3) ±18°A cikin kewayon kusurwoyi, ZSFP_IORFP yana da mafi girman ingancin taurin sifili. Matsakaicin taurin ZSFP_CAFP an rage shi da 87%, kuma an rage matsakaicin taurin ZSFP_IORFP da 93%.

5 ƙarshe

Ɗaukar madaidaicin madaidaicin zobba na ciki da na waje a ƙarƙashin tsattsauran juzu'i azaman ingantaccen tsarin ƙanƙara, an yi aikin da ke gaba don gina madaidaicin madaidaicin sifili.

(1) Ba da shawarar tsarin jujjuyawa mara kyau——Don tsarin crank spring inji, an kafa wani samfuri (Formula (6)) don nazarin tasirin sigogi na tsarin akan halayen taurinsa mara kyau, kuma an ba da kewayon halayen halayensa mara kyau (Table 1).

(2) Ta hanyar daidaita ma'auni mai kyau da mara kyau, ana samun halayen halayen bazara a cikin injin crank spring (Equation (16)), kuma an kafa samfurin (Equation (19)) don nazarin tasirin sigogi na tsarin. na crank spring inji a kan sifili stiffness ingancin sifili stiffness m hinge Tasiri, a ka'idar, a cikin samuwa bugun jini na m hinge na ciki da na waje zobba (±20°), matsakaicin raguwa a cikin taurin zai iya kaiwa 97%.

(3) Ba da shawarar taurin da za a iya daidaita shi“bazara”——An kafa zaren bazara mai siffar lu'u-lu'u don kafa ƙirar taurinsa (Equation (23)) kuma an tabbatar da shi ta hanyar ƙayyadadden tsari.

(4) An kammala ƙira, sarrafawa da gwaji na ƙaramin sifili mai sassauƙan hinge. Sakamakon gwajin ya nuna cewa: a ƙarƙashin aikin tsattsauran ra'ayi, da36°A cikin kewayon kusurwoyi na juyawa, idan aka kwatanta da na ciki da na waje zobe masu sassauƙa masu sassauƙa, ƙaƙƙarfan madaidaicin sifili mai ɗorewa yana raguwa da 93% a matsakaici.

Gine-ginen sifili mai sassauƙa mai sassauƙa yana ƙarƙashin aikin tsaftataccen ƙarfi, wanda zai iya ganewa“sifili taurin”, ba tare da la'akari da yanayin ɗaukar yanayi mai rikitarwa ba. Saboda haka, gina sifili-tauri m hinges a karkashin hadaddun kaya yanayi ne mayar da hankali na ƙarin bincike. Bugu da ƙari, rage juzu'in da ke wanzuwa yayin motsi na ƙwanƙwasa masu sassauƙa na sifili shine muhimmin jagorar ingantawa don madaidaicin madaidaicin sifili.

nassoshi

[1] HOWELL L L. Hanyoyi masu dacewa[M]. New York: John Wiley&Sons, Inc, 2001.

[2] Yu Jingjun, Pei Xu, Bi Shusheng, da dai sauransu. Ci gaban bincike akan hanyoyin ƙira na injin hinge mai sassauƙa [J]. Jaridar Sinanci na Injiniyan Injiniya, 2010, 46 (13): 2-13. Y u jin zakara, PEI X U, kira BIS, ETA sama. Hanyar Ƙirƙirar Ƙira na zamani don kayan aikin sassauƙa[J]. Jaridar Injiniya Injiniya, 2010, 46 (13): 2-13.

[3] MORSCH F M, Makiyayi JL. Ƙirƙirar Haɗin Haɗin Haɗin Zurfin Sifili [C]// ASME Taron Injiniya Na Duniya. 2010:427-435.

[4] MERRIAM E G, Howell L. Hanyar da ba ta da girma don daidaita ma'auni na jujjuyawar juzu'i[J]. Makanikai & Ka'idar Injin, 2015, 84 (84): 90-98.

[5] HOETMER K, Woo G, Kim C, et al. Tubalan Ginin Mara Kyau don Madaidaitan Ma'auni masu dacewa: Ƙira da Gwaji[J]. Jaridar Makanikai & Robotics, 2010, 2 (4): 041007.

[6] JENSEN B D, Howell L. Samfurin ƙirar giciye-axis flexural pivots[J]. Injiniyanci da ka'idar inji, 2002, 37 (5): 461-476.

[7] WITTRICK W H. Kaddarorin ƙetaren gyare-gyaren gyare-gyare da kuma tasirin wurin da sassan ke ketare[J]. The Aeronautical Quarterly, 1951, II: 272-292.

[8] l IU l, BIS, yang Q, ETA. Zane da gwaji na gabaɗaya na juzu'i uku-cross-spring flexure pivots da aka yi amfani da su a kan ingantattun kayan aikin[J]. Bita na Kayan Aikin Kimiyya, 2014, 85 (10): 105102.

[9] Yang Qizi, Liu Lang, Bi Shusheng, da dai sauransu. Bincike kan halayen jujjuyawar taurin kai na gabaɗaya mai sassauƙan raƙuman raƙuman giciye guda uku[J]. Jaridar Sinanci na Injiniyan Injiniya, 2015, 51 (13): 189-195.

yang Q I kalma, l IU Lang, muryar BIS, ETA. Juya Halin Ƙarfin Juyi na Gabaɗaya Sau Uku-cross-spring Flexure Pivots[J]. Jaridar Injiniya Injiniya, 2015, 51 (13): 189-195.

[10] l IU l, Zhao H, BIS, ETA. Binciken Ayyukan Kwatancen Tsarin Tsarin Topology na Gishiri Mai Sauƙi na Cross-Spring [C]// ASME 2014 International Design Injiniya Taro na Fasaha da Kwamfuta da Bayani a Taron Injiniya, Agusta 17–20, 2014, Buffalo, New York, Amurka. ASME, 2014 : V05AT08A025.

[11] l IU l, BIS, yang Q. Halayen taurin ciki–Matsakaicin madaidaicin zobe na waje da aka yi amfani da su zuwa kayan aikin madaidaici [J]. Ayyukan ARCHIVE na Cibiyar Injiniyan Injiniya Sashe na C Journal of Injiniya Injiniya 1989-1996 (vols 203-210), 2017: 095440621772172.

[12] SANCHEZ J A G. Ma'auni don Ma'auni na Daidaitaccen Ma'auni na Ƙaƙwalwar Ƙwararren Ƙwararren Ƙwararren Ƙwararren Ƙwararren Ƙwararrun Ƙwararrun Ƙwararrun Ƙwararrun Ƙwararrun Ƙwararrun Ƙwararrun Ƙwararrun Ƙwararrun Ƙwararrun Ƙira ta Duniya na 2010 da Kwamfuta da Bayani a Taron Injiniya, Agusta 15–18, 2010, Montreal, Quebec, Kanada. ASME, 2010:465-473.

[13] AWTAR S, Sen S. Samfurin ƙuntatawa na gabaɗaya don jujjuyawar katako mai girma biyu: Ƙirƙirar makamashi mara ƙima[J]. Jaridar Injiniya, 2010, 132: 81009.

Game da marubucin: Bi Shusheng (marubuci daidai), namiji, haifaffen 1966, likita, farfesa, mai kula da digiri. Babban jagorar bincikensa shine cikakken tsarin sassauƙa da kuma robot bionic.

Wadanne kayayyaki ne Wujinjiaodian ya hada? Ka sani?

1. Wujinjiaodian ya haɗa da abubuwa kamar haka: kayan masarufi na nufin kayan ƙarfe biyar na zinariya, azurfa, tagulla, baƙin ƙarfe, da tin. Hardware ita ce uwar masana'antu; Tushen tsaron ƙasa da samfuran kayan masarufi yawanci ana raba su zuwa manyan kayan masarufi da ƙananan kayan masarufi nau'i biyu.

2. Dawujin yana nufin farantin karfe, sandunan ƙarfe, baƙin ƙarfe, ƙarfe na kusurwa na duniya, ƙarfe na tashar ƙarfe, ƙarfe mai siffar I da nau'ikan kayan ƙarfe daban-daban, yayin da hardware ke nufin kayan aikin gini, zanen kwano, ƙusoshin ƙusa, waya ƙarfe, ragar waya na ƙarfe. karfe waya shears, Household hardware, daban-daban kayan aiki, da dai sauransu. Dangane da yanayi da amfani da kayan masarufi, ya kamata a raba shi zuwa nau'ikan nau'ikan nau'ikan nau'ikan nau'ikan nau'ikan nau'ikan nau'ikan nau'ikan nau'ikan nau'ikan nau'ikan nau'ikan nau'ikan nau'ikan nau'ikan nau'ikan nau'ikan nau'ikan nau'ikan nau'ikan nau'ikan nau'ikan nau'ikan nau'ikan nau'ikan nau'ikan nau'ikan nau'ikan nau'ikan nau'ikan nau'ikan nau'ikan nau'ikan nau'ikan nau'ikan nau'ikan nau'ikan nau'ikan nau'ikan nau'ikan nau'ikan nau'ikan nau'ikan nau'ikan nau'ikan nau'ikan nau'ikan nau'ikan nau'ikan nau'ikan ƙarfe da ƙarfe da kayan ƙarfe da ƙarfe da kayan ƙarfe da kayan ƙarfe waɗanda ba ƙarfe ba na ƙarfe da kayan ƙarfe da kayan aikin ƙarfe da kayan aikin watsawa da kayan aikin taimako da kayan aiki da kayan gini da kayan aikin gida.

Wadanne irin abubuwa ne aka haɗa a cikin kayan aikin hardware da na lantarki?

Hardware electromechanical ya haɗa da kayan daki, kayan aikin lantarki, da sauransu. alaka da hardware. Hardware yana nufin zinari, azurfa, jan karfe, ƙarfe, kwano, kuma gabaɗaya yana nufin ƙarfe

Dukanmu mun san cewa akwai abubuwa da yawa da ke da hannu a cikin shagunan kayan masarufi, kuma iyakokin ɗaukar hoto kuma yana da girma sosai. Baya ga wasu kayan aikin gama gari, akwai kuma wasu kayan inji da na lantarki. Koyaya, idan kuna son siye, dole ne ku karanta Menene manufar kayan aikin lantarki, sannan kuma ya zama dole a san menene rarrabuwa na kayan aikin lantarki.

Dukanmu mun san cewa akwai abubuwa da yawa da ke da hannu a cikin shagunan kayan masarufi, kuma iyakokin ɗaukar hoto kuma yana da girma sosai. Baya ga wasu kayan aikin gama gari, akwai kuma wasu kayan inji da na lantarki. Koyaya, idan kuna son siye, dole ne ku karanta Menene manufar kayan aikin lantarki, sannan kuma ya zama dole a san menene rarrabuwa na kayan aikin lantarki, ta yadda zamu iya zabar bisa ga nau'in.

Tunanin hardware na lantarki?

Hardware electromechanical kalma ce ta gaba ɗaya, gami da kayan daki, kayan aikin lantarki da sauran kayan samarwa da samfuran da ke da alaƙa da kayan masarufi suna cikin iyakokin sa.

1. Menene hardware?

Hardware yana nufin zinari, azurfa, jan karfe, ƙarfe, kwano, kuma gabaɗaya yana nufin ƙarfe. Kayan aikin yau ana amfani da su azaman kalma na gaba ɗaya don samfuran ƙarfe ko tagulla da ƙarfe.

2. Menene electromechanical?

Kamar yadda sunan ke nunawa, Electromechanical kayan lantarki ne na inji, wanda ke nufin nau'in samfuran da ke da alaƙa da injina da wutar lantarki.

Rarraba kayan aikin lantarki?

Kayan aikin Hardware, na'urorin haɗi, Kayan aikin gini, Kayan aikin yau da kullun, makullai da abrasives, Kayan aikin dafa abinci da gidan wanka, Kayan ɗaki, Kayan kayan masarufi, Kayayyakin walda don injin walda, na'urorin lantarki, wayoyi da igiyoyi, na'urorin wuta, Kayayyaki da mita, Kayayyakin tsaro da kayayyaki , inji da lantarki kayan aiki, inji kayan aiki da hardware kayan.

1. Hardware kayan aikin

Yana nufin kalmar gabaɗaya don na'urorin ƙarfe daban-daban waɗanda aka yi da ƙarfe, ƙarfe, aluminum da sauran ƙarfe ta hanyar ƙirƙira, birgima, yanke da sauran sarrafa jiki. Yana da fadi da kewayon samfurori da yawa. An kasu kashi 12 bisa ga nau'in amfani da kayan aiki.

Hardware kayan aikin sun haɗa da manual iri-iri, lantarki, pneumatic, kayan aikin yankan, kayan aikin gyaran mota, kayan aikin noma, kayan ɗagawa, kayan aunawa, kayan aikin injin, kayan aikin yankan, kayan gyarawa, wukake, gyare-gyare, kayan aikin yankan, ƙafafun niƙa, drills, injunan gogewa, Kayan aiki na'urorin haɗi, kayan aikin aunawa, abrasives, da sauransu.

2. Na'urorin haɗi na hardware

Na'urorin haɗi na kayan aikin suna nufin sassa na inji ko abubuwan da aka yi da kayan masarufi, da kuma wasu ƙananan kayan masarufi. Ana iya amfani da shi kadai ko azaman kayan aiki na taimako. Misali, kayan aikin hardware, sassan kayan masarufi, kayan aikin yau da kullun, kayan gini da kayan tsaro, da sauransu. Ƙananan samfuran kayan masarufi Yawancin su ba kayan masarufi bane na ƙarshe. Suna tallafawa samfurori, samfuran da aka kammala da kayan aikin da aka yi amfani da su a cikin tsarin samarwa, da dai sauransu. don masana'antu masana'antu. Kadan daga cikin samfuran kayan masarufi na yau da kullun (na'urori) sune kayan masarufi masu mahimmanci don rayuwar mutane.

3. Kayan aikin gini

Kayan aikin gine-gine kalma ce ta gaba ɗaya don samfuran ƙarfe da waɗanda ba ƙarfe ba da na'urorin haɗi da ake amfani da su a cikin gine-gine ko tsarin. Gabaɗaya, yana da tasiri biyu na aikace-aikace da ado.

4. Kayan aikin yau da kullun

Kayan aiki na yau da kullun yana nufin samfuran kayan masarufi da ake amfani da su a rayuwar yau da kullun kamar ci, sawa, rayuwa da amfani. An yi shi da kayan ƙarfe galibi. Tukwane na ƙarfe da tagulla, kwanduna, wuƙaƙe, almakashi, allura, fitulun mai da sauransu. tsarin samfuran kayan aikin yau da kullun ne.

5. Kitchen da kayan aikin wanka

Don haɗa da silinda na shinkafa, kwandunan ƙarfe, hinges, layin dogo, hinges na jirgin sama, hannaye

6. Kayan kayan daki

Kayan kayan daki yana nufin abubuwan kayan masarufi na kayan kayan masarufi ko ginshiƙai, hinges, kafafun gadon gado, masu ɗaga baya, maɓuɓɓugan ruwa, kusoshi na bindiga, lambobin ƙafa, haɗin kai, ayyuka, ɗakuna, kwandunan ja, kayan ado akan kayan kayan ƙarfe na ƙarfe tare da sauran ayyuka, kuma an san su. a matsayin kayan haɗi. Tun farkon lokacin bazara da lokacin kaka da Zamanin Jihohin Sinawa, akwai ginshiƙan tagulla don kabad, sasanninta don laka, sassan jan karfe da aka yi da zinari don ƙafafu, da zoben akwati na tagulla.

Bayan gabatarwar da ke sama, na fi fahimtar menene ma'anar kayan aikin lantarki. A cikin labarin, menene hardware da abin da yake electromechanical, na ba ku gabatarwa. Idan muna so mu saya, za mu iya fara duba manufarta. Sa'an nan za ku iya sanin ko kuna buƙatar irin wannan abu, idan kuna buƙata, za ku iya saya, kuma, a cikin labarin, kun san menene rabe-raben kayan aikin lantarki.

Hardware electromechanical rarrabuwa na hardware electromechanical

Kayan aikin Hardware, na'urorin haɗi, Kayan aikin gini, Kayan aikin yau da kullun, makullai da abrasives, Kayan aikin dafa abinci da gidan wanka, Kayan ɗaki, Kayan kayan masarufi, Kayayyakin walda don injin walda, na'urorin lantarki, wayoyi da igiyoyi, na'urorin wuta, Kayayyaki da mita, Kayayyakin tsaro da kayayyaki , inji da lantarki kayan aiki, inji kayan aiki da hardware kayan. Yana nufin kalmar gabaɗaya don na'urorin ƙarfe daban-daban waɗanda aka yi da ƙarfe, ƙarfe, aluminum da sauran ƙarfe ta hanyar ƙirƙira, birgima, yanke da sauran sarrafa jiki. Yana da fadi da kewayon samfurori da yawa. An kasu kashi 12 bisa ga nau'in amfani da kayan aiki.

Hardware kayan aikin sun haɗa da manual iri-iri, lantarki, pneumatic, kayan aikin yankan, kayan aikin gyaran mota, kayan aikin noma, kayan ɗagawa, kayan aunawa, kayan aikin injin, kayan aikin yankan, kayan gyarawa, wukake, gyare-gyare, kayan aikin yankan, ƙafafun niƙa, drills, injunan gogewa, Kayan aiki na'urorin haɗi, kayan aikin aunawa, abrasives, da sauransu. Kayan kayan masarufi da na'urorin lantarki suna buƙatar daidaitawa koyaushe zuwa canje-canje a cikin dokokin haɓaka kasuwa. A halin yanzu, samfuran da yawa suna da gasa sosai. Ɗaukar ƙira a matsayin misali, rabon kasuwa na cikin gida na ƙananan ƙira ya wuce 99%. Koyaya, gasar farashin kasuwa tana da mahimmanci kuma ribar riba ta yi ƙasa sosai. Ƙarshen Ƙarshe Ribar yana da yawa amma 80% ya dogara da shigo da kaya. Amma kamfanoni da yawa sun fahimci hakan kuma sun fara aiwatar da sabunta fasaha da bincike da haɓaka sabbin samfura. A nan gaba, masana'antun na'urori da na lantarki za su ci gaba da tafiya sannu a hankali zuwa zamanin gasar fasaha maimakon gasar farashi.

A halin yanzu, mu'amalar kayan masarufi da na'urorin lantarki galibi sun ta'allaka ne a kasuwannin jumhuriyar manyan birane. Daukar Chengdu a matsayin misali, akwai kasuwannin kayan aiki da na lantarki da dama a yankin titin Jinfu, kamar Wanguan, Jinfu, Yamma, da Garin Karfe. Yankin kasuwanci biliyan. Koyaya, irin wannan nau'in jumlolin kasuwa na zahiri yana ƙara kutsawa ta Intanet. A halin yanzu, yawancin manyan gidajen yanar gizo sun fara kafa kasuwannin kan layi don masana'antar kayan aiki da lantarki. Ko da yake har yanzu yawan tallace-tallace na kasuwa na zahiri shine babban abin al'ada, amma dangane da kayan masarufi da samfuran lantarki har yanzu kamfanoni suna yin jumloli Kasuwa tana bin Intanet, kuma ci gaban gaba zai haifar da yanayi inda tashoshin sadarwa na kan layi da na kan layi suna rabin sararin sama. Kasuwancin layi na layi yana da halin canzawa zuwa ƙanana da manyan birane.

Na'urorin lantarki na kayan aiki suna nufin kayan lantarki da aka yi da zinare, azurfa, jan ƙarfe, ƙarfe, aluminum, tin da sauran kayan ƙarfe.

Abubuwan da aka fi sani da kayan masarufi sun haɗa da samar da wutar lantarki, fitilun lantarki, soket ɗin lantarki, masu sauya wutar lantarki, masu haɗa wutar lantarki, abubuwan ƙarfe kamar resistors, capacitors, reactors, da sauransu.

Hardware: kayayyakin kayan masarufi na gargajiya, wanda kuma aka sani da “hardware”. Yana nufin ƙarfe biyar: zinariya, azurfa, tagulla, baƙin ƙarfe, da tin. Bayan sarrafa ta da hannu, ana iya yin ta ta zama wukake, takuba da sauran ayyukan fasaha ko na'urorin ƙarfe. Hardware a cikin al'ummar zamani ya fi yawa , kamar kayan aikin hardware, sassan kayan masarufi, kayan aikin yau da kullun, kayan gini da kayan tsaro, da sauransu. Yawancin ƙananan samfuran kayan masarufi ba kayan masarufi bane na ƙarshe.

Karin bayani:

Ayyukan aiwatarwa:

Yana nufin waɗannan kaddarorin ikon kayan don jure nau'ikan sarrafawa da sarrafawa.

Ayyukan yin simintin gyare-gyare: Yana nufin wasu kaddarorin fasaha na ko ƙarfe ko gami sun dace da yin simintin gyare-gyare, musamman gami da aikin kwarara, ikon cika ƙura; raguwa, da ikon rage ƙarar simintin gyare-gyare lokacin da ya ƙarfafa; rarrabuwa yana nufin rashin daidaituwa na abubuwan sinadaran.

Ayyukan walda: yana nufin sifofin cewa kayan ƙarfe biyu ko fiye suna haɗa su ta hanyar dumama ko dumama da walda mai matsa lamba, kuma mahaɗin yana iya saduwa da manufar amfani.

Babban aikin sashin iskar gas: yana nufin aikin kayan ƙarfe waɗanda zasu iya jure tashin hankali ba tare da karyewa ba.

Ayyukan lankwasa sanyi: yana nufin iyawar kayan ƙarfe don jure lankwasawa ba tare da karyewa a zafin jiki ba. Matsakaicin lankwasawa gabaɗaya ana bayyana shi ta rabon kusurwar lanƙwasawa (kusurwar waje) ko diamita na tsakiya d zuwa kauri a, mafi girma a ko ƙarami d/a shine, mafi kyawun kayan lanƙwasawa sanyi.

Ayyukan hatimi: ƙarfin kayan ƙarfe don jure wa nakasar stamping ba tare da tsagewa ba. Stamping a dakin da zafin jiki ake kira sanyi stamping. Ana gwada hanyar dubawa ta hanyar gwaji.

Ƙirƙirar aikin ƙirƙira: ƙarfin kayan ƙarfe don tsayayya da nakasar filastik ba tare da karya ba yayin ƙirƙira.

Menene hardware, electromechanical, hardware hardware, hardware kayan, masana'antu hardware

Hardware electromechanical kalma ce ta gaba ɗaya, gami da kayan daki, kayan aikin lantarki da sauran kayan samarwa da samfuran da ke da alaƙa da kayan masarufi a cikin iyakokin sa. Hardware yana nufin zinari, azurfa, jan karfe, ƙarfe, kwano, kuma gabaɗaya yana nufin ƙarfe. Kayan aikin yau da kullun ana amfani da su azaman ƙarfe ko sunan gamayya na samfuran kamar tagulla da ƙarfe. Electromechanical kayan lantarki ne na inji, wanda ke nufin nau'in samfuran da ke da alaƙa da injina da wutar lantarki.

Kayan aikin gine-gine sun fara ne daga wuraren bita na aikin hannu kamar shagunan maƙera, shagunan maƙeran tagulla, da shagunan tinsmith. Kasar Sin ta yi taron karawa juna sani na yin farce a daular Tang, da kusoshi, kusoshi, makullai, masu buga kofa da sauransu. da hannu aka yi. Koyaya, saboda tsoffin gine-gine galibi suna amfani da itace da tsarin dutse, kayan aikin gine-gine sun haɓaka sannu a hankali cikin dubban shekaru da suka gabata. Bayan karni na 19, tare da yawan amfani da kayan ƙarfe da bukatun rayuwar zamantakewa, kayan aikin gine-gine sun haɓaka cikin sauri, kuma yawancin samar da kusoshi na karfe, hinges, Ƙananan masana'antu ko taron bita don kusoshi, ƙugiya ta taga, sassan bawul ɗin famfo, taga sakar waya fuska, da sauransu. Daga baya, a hankali an yi amfani da kayan sarrafa injina maimakon na hannu, inda aka kafa kamfanoni na musamman da yawa. Tare da ci gaba da haɓaka ma'auni daban-daban na gine-ginen Ingantawa, samfuran kayan aikin gine-gine na zamani sun haɓaka daga nau'i-nau'i guda ɗaya zuwa serialization, kuma abubuwan da ake bukata don kayan ado da kayan ado suna karuwa da girma. Fasahar samar da kayan aikin gine-gine ta kuma sami babban ci gaba. Yawancin samfuran an canza su daga asali Semi-manual , Semi-ingine aiki ya ɓullo da zuwa Semi-atomatik ko cikakken atomatik inji taro line samar. Abubuwan da aka yi amfani da su a cikin kayan aikin gine-gine an faɗaɗa su daga al'adun jan ƙarfe na gargajiya da ƙananan karafa na carbon zuwa zinc alloys, alloys na aluminum, bakin karfe, robobi, ƙarfe na gilashi da kayan haɗaka daban-daban. .

Akwai nau'ikan kayan aikin gine-gine da yawa. Gabaɗaya, ana iya raba su zuwa rukuni biyar: kayan aikin kofa da taga, kayan aikin famfo, kayan aikin ado, kayan kayan masarufi na ƙusa siliki da kayan dafa abinci.

Kayan aikin ƙofa da taga kalma ce ta gaba ɗaya don nau'ikan kayan aiki na ƙarfe da marasa ƙarfe waɗanda aka sanya akan ƙofofi da tagogin gine-gine. Dangane da manufar, an raba shi zuwa kulle ƙofar gini, hannaye, takalmin gyaran kafa, hinges, masu rufe kofa, hannaye, kusoshi, ƙugiya na taga, sarƙoƙi na sata, buɗe kofa da na'urar rufewa, da dai sauransu.

Kayan aikin famfo babban kalma ne na kayan aikin da ake amfani da su wajen gina samar da ruwa da tsarin magudanar ruwa, tsarin dumama da bayan gida. Yawanci ya haɗa da famfo, shawa, faɗuwar ruwa, kayan aikin bayan gida, na'urorin bayan gida, na'urorin tausa na wanka, bawuloli, haɗin bututu da bayan gida. sauran hardware.

Kayan ado na kayan ado kalma ce ta gaba ɗaya don kayan ado da kayan ado da ake amfani da su a ciki da wajen gine-gine. Sau da yawa suna da duka amfani da ayyukan kariya. Akwai galibin rufin ƙarfe da aka haɗe, sassauƙan sassauƙan nauyi, da faranti na ado na ƙarfe.

Abubuwan kayan masarufi na ƙusa na ƙusa galibi ana yin su ne da ƙarfe na carbon ko ƙarfe mara ƙarfe. Kalma ce ta gaba ɗaya don nau'ikan waya, ƙusoshi, raga da samfuran raga. Ana amfani da shi sosai a ayyukan gine-gine kamar gine-gine.

Wayar tana da sanyi kuma ana birgima daga ƙarfe na carbon ko ƙarfe mara ƙarfe, kuma tana da ƙayyadaddun kauri daban-daban. An raba shi da waya ta galvanized iron waya, bakin karfe da waya na musamman na karfe. Galvanized baƙin ƙarfe waya: kuma aka sani da galvanized low-carbon karfe waya, sanyi-jawo saman karfen waya mai rufi da tutiya Layer. Ana amfani da shi sosai wajen yin kwale-kwale, shinge, gyaran zubar da ruwa, gidan saƙa, saƙa, ƙwanƙwasa, buɗaɗɗen waya, sarrafa ambaliyar ruwa, gine-gine, gyaran gada da aikin haƙo rijiyoyi da layin sadarwa sama da telegraph kamar wayar tarho, watsa shirye-shiryen USB, da sauransu. Wuraren ƙarfe guda biyu da aka murɗa da juna da kuma shinge mai shinge da ƙaya (Hoto na 1), ana amfani da su musamman don kafa wuraren tsaro a kewayen wuraren da sojoji suka hana ko kuma muhimman masana'antu da ɗakunan ajiya. Bakin karfe waya: m inji Properties, high zafin jiki juriya, mai kyau lalata juriya, yadu amfani ga saƙa daban-daban wayoyi, amfani da daban-daban kida, iyali kayan, likita da sanitary kayan, sinadaran da abinci inji. Waya ta ƙarfe ta musamman: samfuran gama gari sun haɗa da ƙarfe core waya, nickel-plated karfe waya, Dumet waya, zagaye tagulla waya, da dai sauransu, wanda ake amfani da ko'ina a cikin wutar lantarki masana'antu. Kayan aikin gini

Ana buga kusoshi daga ƙananan wayoyi na ƙarfe na carbon ko tagulla da wayoyi na aluminum. Ana amfani da su don haɗa itace da sauran kayayyakin fiber. Farce sun ƙunshi sassa uku: kan farce, ƙusa ƙusa da ƙusa. Akwai nau'ikan kusoshi guda uku don takalma da ƙusoshi na musamman. Farce na gini: samfuran sun haɗa da faracen ƙarfe zagaye, faracen ji, kusoshi na sirdi, ƙusoshin ƙusa, kusoshi da kusoshi da faracen tagulla mai kaifi da sauransu. (Hoto na 2). Ana iya amfani da shi don ƙusa akwatunan katako, kayan daki, gadoji na katako, kayan aikin noma, da sauransu. Farce don yin takalmi: samfuran sun haɗa da kusoshi na takalma na yau da kullun (kusoshin fata na kaka), kusoshi, kusoshi na kifi, kusoshi na ƙarfe na fata, da sauransu, galibi ana amfani da su don ƙusa takalman Cloth, takalman fata, da sauransu. Ana kuma ƙara amfani da su a cikin gine-gine. Farce na musamman: samfuran sun haɗa da kusoshi na ƙarfe zagaye don tsaga, kusoshi karfen siminti da kusoshi na niƙa, da sauransu. Kayan aikin gini

Ana saƙa tarun ne daga waya ta ƙarfe ko waya mara ƙarfe, ko kuma an buga ta daga takardar ƙarfe. Ya ƙunshi allon taga, faɗaɗaɗɗen ragar ƙarfe da ragamar tsoma mai zafi mai zafi. Fuskar taga: masana'anta na siliki da aka saka da waya ta ƙarfe ko waya mara ƙarfe .An shigar da shi akan kofofin gida da tagogi gaba ɗaya, kofofin majalisar abinci da murfin kwandon abinci don hana mamaye kuda, sauro da sauran kwari masu tashi. Wayoyin ƙarfe da ake amfani da su don allon taga gabaɗaya ƙananan wayoyi na ƙarfe na carbon, wayoyi na aluminum, wayoyi na magnesium, wayoyi na jan ƙarfe da wayoyi marasa ƙarfe, wayoyi marasa ƙarfe da ake amfani da su sun haɗa da filastik, zaren takarda, zaren hemp, da sauransu. Ana fentin fuskar allon taga na waya na ƙarfe da koren fenti, galvanized ko slush-molded; an yi rina wasu fuskar bangon waya da ba karfe ba, wasu kuma masu launin halitta ne. Takardun ƙarfe tare da raga. Akwai ragamar ƙarfe da aka faɗaɗa da ragamar aluminium. Ramin da aka faɗaɗa an yi shi ne da ƙaramin ƙarfe mai ƙyalli mai ƙyalli ko takarda mai birgima mai sanyi. Ragon yana da siffar lu'u-lu'u. Dangane da tsayin saman raga, an raba shi zuwa manyan raga da ƙananan raga. Manyan ragar an lulluɓe saman ragar da baƙin ƙarfe jan fenti na hana tsatsa, wanda galibi ana amfani da shi azaman murfin kariya akan injin, ko kuma ana amfani da shi azaman kariya mai kariya akan gidajen gilashin gilashi da tagogi, ko kuma ana amfani dashi azaman bangon warewar iska a masana'antu. , rumbunan ajiya, gidajen abinci da sauran wurare. Ba tare da fenti ba, yawanci ana amfani da shi akan bango, ginshiƙai, rufi, da sauransu. na gine-gine, ta yadda siminti da lemun tsami ba su da sauƙi a fadowa, kuma yana taka rawar sandunan ƙarfe. Karfe mai kauri kuma yana iya taka rawa mai ɗaukar nauyi da skid, kuma galibi ana amfani da shi azaman tashar jirgin ruwa, jiragen ruwa, mashigar ɗakin injin da takalmi. Aluminum da aka faɗaɗa ragar ƙarfe ana naushi da farantin aluminium na bakin ciki, ragar ɗin mai sifar lu'u-lu'u ne ko kashin herring, kuma saman an yi masa rina na lantarki zuwa launuka daban-daban. Yana da halaye na nauyin nauyi, kyakkyawan bayyanar da karko. Babban Ana amfani dashi a cikin kayan aiki, mita, kayan aikin gida, da injinan masana'antu da kayan aiki don samun iska, kariya, tacewa, da ado. Zafin-tsoma galvanized wayoyi raga: Ana samuwa ta hanyar saƙa mai inganci mai inganci. Yana da wasu anti-lalata da oxidation juriya. Dangane da saƙa Za a iya raba siffar grid zuwa raga mai murabba'i da raga mai hexagonal, da dai sauransu. An yi amfani da shi sosai a wurare daban-daban da ke buƙatar rufewa, kuma ana amfani da babban ragamar ragamar ragamar daɗaɗɗen raƙuman ruwa kuma ana amfani da shi sosai a cikin kwandon siminti.

Kayan dafa abinci Kayan aiki da injina don ayyukan dafa abinci. Ya ƙunshi teburan wanki, teburan aiki, masu yankan kayan lambu, murhu, murhu, tanda, kabad ɗin dafa abinci, ajiya da kaho. Wasu daga cikinsu ana amfani da su azaman ƙayyadaddun kayan aikin tallafi don kicin. An gina shi tare da gidan kuma an kawo shi don amfani; ɗayan ɓangaren kuma mai amfani da gida ya tsara shi gwargwadon buƙatun (duba kayan aikin yau da kullun).

Hardware gama gari: menene magudanar ruwa?

Magudanar ƙasa shine muhimmin haɗin gwiwa da ke haɗa tsarin bututun magudanar ruwa da bene na cikin gida. A matsayin wani muhimmin ɓangare na tsarin magudanar ruwa a cikin gidan, aikin sa kai tsaye yana rinjayar ingancin iska na cikin gida, kuma yana da mahimmanci ga kula da wari a cikin gidan wanka. Magudanar ruwa ya zama dole don kayan ado na gida Ina ƴan wurare, menene magudanar ruwa? Editan mai zuwa zai gabatar da su daya bayan daya.

Hardware gama gari: menene magudanar ruwa?

Menene magudanar ruwa? Dangane da hanyar wanzar da ruwa, an raba magudanar ruwa zuwa nau'ikan guda uku: magudanan ruwa mai wanki, magudanar ruwa da aka rufe da magudanan ruwa masu ƙarfi uku.

Magudanar ruwa na hana wari shine mafi al'adarmu kuma na kowa. Yafi amfani da matsatsin ruwa don hana fitar da wari na musamman. A cikin tsarin magudanar ƙasa, wurin ajiyar ruwa shine mabuɗin. Irin wannan magudanar ƙasa ya kamata yayi ƙoƙarin zaɓar wurin ajiyar ruwa mai zurfi. Ba za ku iya kallon kyawawan kamanni kawai ba. Dangane da ka'idodin da suka dace, jikin sabon magudanar ruwa ya kamata ya tabbatar da cewa tsayin hatimin ruwa ya kai 5cm, kuma yana da takamaiman ikon kiyaye hatimin ruwa daga bushewa don hana wari.

Yanzu akwai wasu magudanan ruwa na bene masu kauri a kasuwa, waɗanda ke da kyau sosai, amma tasirin maganin wari ba a bayyane yake ba. Idan sararin gidan wanka ba dakin haske ba ne, to ya fi kyau a zabi wasu na gargajiya. Rufe magudanan ruwa na ƙasan ƙamshi suna nufin ƙara murfin saman saman yana rufe jikin magudanar ƙasa don hana wari. Amfanin wannan magudanar ruwa shi ne cewa ya yi kama da na zamani da kuma avant-garde, amma rashin amfani shi ne cewa dole ne ka lanƙwasa ƙasa don ɗaga murfin a duk lokacin da kake amfani da shi, wanda ke da matsala.

Amma a kwanan nan, ingantaccen magudanar ruwa ya bayyana a kasuwa. Akwai marmaro a ƙarƙashin murfin babba. Lokacin amfani da murfin babba tare da ƙafarka, murfin na sama zai tashi, kuma zaka iya komawa baya lokacin da ba a amfani dashi. Ya fi dacewa. Kare guda uku Magudanar bene shine mafi ci gaba da magudanar bene mai wari zuwa yanzu. Yana shigar da wata karamar ball mai iyo a kasan karshen jikin magudanar ruwa, sannan tana amfani da karfin ruwa da karfin iska a cikin bututun magudanar ruwa don jure wa kwallon ta yadda za a rufe ta gaba daya tare da magudanar kasa, ta haka Play the role of deodorization, maganin kwari da hana zubar ruwa.

Abin da kayan aikin hardware suka haɗa

Kayan aikin gida na Hardware galibi yana nufin na'urorin lantarki da aka yi da ƙarfe, gami da hardware, kayan aikin yau da kullun, kayan gini, kayan masarufi, kayan tsaro, da sauransu, daga cikinsu na'urar tana nufin ƙusoshi, screws, makulli, maɓuɓɓugan ruwa, da sauransu, kayan aikin yau da kullun suna da almakashi. , alluran sakawa, kayan aikin gine-gine da suka hada da kusoshi na ƙofa, makullin kofa, sarƙoƙi na hana sata, murhu, da sauransu.

Menene nau'ikan kayan aikin hardware

Kayan aikin gida na kayan masarufi suna nufin kayan lantarki da aka yi da zinare, azurfa, aluminum, tin, jan karfe, ƙarfe da sauran ƙarfe. An rarraba su zuwa nau'i biyu, ciki har da kayan wuta, fitilu, sockets, switches, capacitors, reactors, resistors, da dai sauransu. .

Kayan aikin gida na kayan masarufi sun kasu kashi biyu: na'urorin hardware da na lantarki. A cikin su, ana kiran kayan masarufi, wanda ke nufin kayan masarufi a ma'anar gargajiya, kamar wuƙaƙen ƙarfe, takuba da kayan aikin gyarawa.

Na'urorin na'urorin zamani a cikin al'ummar zamani sun fi yawa, galibi sun kasu kashi-kashi kayan aikin hardware, sassa na kayan aiki, kayan aikin yau da kullum, kayan gini, kayan tsaro, da dai sauransu, daga cikinsu kayan aikin yau da kullum yana nufin samfurori irin su pans, bowls, allura, almakashi, almakashi, almakashi, almakashi, almakashi. da kayan aikin gine-gine yana nufin makullin kofa. , Kullin kofa da sauran kayan haɗin ƙarfe.