I-Abstract: Ukuqina okujikelezayo kwehenjisi ebhetyebhetye enguziro imalunga neqanda, eyoyisa isiphene sokuba iihenjisi eziqhelekileyo ezibhetyebhetye zifuna itorque yokuqhuba, kwaye inokufakwa kwiihenjisi eziguquguqukayo kunye nezinye iindawo. Ukuthatha iringi yangaphakathi nangaphandle iihenjisi ezibhetyebhetye phantsi kwentshukumo yetorque esulungekileyo njengenkqubo esezantsi yokuqina, uphando Indlela yokuqina engalunganga kunye nokuqina okuhambelanayo kunye nokuqina okungalunganga kunokwakha ihenjisi ebhetyebhetye enguziro. Cebisa indlela yokujikeleza kokuqina okungalunganga——I-Crank spring mechanism, imodeli kwaye ihlalutye iimpawu zayo ezimbi zokuqina; ngokuthelekisa ukuqina okulungileyo nokubi, kuhlalutywe ifuthe leeparamitha zesakhiwo se-crank spring mechanism kumgangatho onguziro wokuqina; icetywe isiphethu esinemigca enokuqina kunye nobukhulu obunokwenziwa ngokwezifiso——Umtya wentwasahlobo owenziwe ngedayimane omile okwedayimani, imodeli yokuqina yasekwa kwaye ukuqinisekiswa kokulinganisa okulinganiselweyo kwenziwa; ekugqibeleni, uyilo, ukusetyenzwa kunye novavanyo compact zero-ukuqina bhetyebhetye isampulu ihenjisi zagqitywa. Iziphumo zovavanyo zibonise ukuba: phantsi kwesenzo setorque ecocekileyo,±18°Kuluhlu lwee-angles ezijikelezayo, ukuqina okujikelezayo kwe-zero-stiffness flexible hinge yi-93% ephantsi kuneyo yangaphakathi kunye nendandatho yangaphandle yeehenjisi eziguquguqukayo ngokomndilili. I-hinge eyakhiweyo ye-zero-stiffness flexible hinge ine-compact structure kunye ne-high-quality zero-stiffness; isindululo esicetywayo esingalunganga sokuqina kwendlela yokujikeleza kunye nomgama Intwasahlobo inexabiso elikhulu lokukhangela kuphononongo lwendlela ebhetyebhetye.

0 Intshayelelo

Ihenjisi ebhetyebhetye (ethwele)

^[1-2]

Ukuxhomekeka kwi-elastic deformation yeyunithi eguquguqukayo yokuhambisa okanye ukuguqula ukunyakaza, amandla kunye namandla, isetyenziswe ngokubanzi kwindawo echanekileyo kunye nezinye iindawo. Xa kuthelekiswa neebheringi zemveli eziqinileyo, kukho umzuzu wokubuyisela xa ihenjisi ebhetyebhetye ijikeleza. Ngoko ke, iyunithi yokuqhuba idinga ukubonelela nge-torque yokukhupha ukuqhuba kwaye Gcina ukujikeleza kwehinge eguquguqukayo. Zero ukuqina ihenjisi ebhetyebhetye

^[3]

(Zero stiffness flexural pivot, ZSFP) lijoyinti elibhetyebhetye elijikelezayo elinokuqina okujikelezayo malunga neqanda. Olu hlobo lwehenjisi ebhetyebhetye lunokuhlala nakweyiphi na indawo phakathi koluhlu lwe-stroke, olukwabizwa ngokuba yi-static balance flexible hinge.

^[4]

, zisetyenziswa kakhulu kwiinkalo ezifana ne-flexible grippers.

Ngokusekwe kwingqikelelo yoyilo lwemodyuli yendlela ebhetyebhetye, yonke inkqubo yehinge eguquguqukayo enguziro inokwahlulwa ibe ziinkqubo ezingaphantsi ezimbini zokuqina okuhle kunye nokubi, kwaye inkqubo yokuqina engu-zero inokuphunyezwa ngokudibana kokuqina okuhle kunye nokubi.

^[5]

. Phakathi kwazo, inkqubo esezantsi yokuqina kokuqina idla ngokuba yihenjisi enkulu ebhetyebhetye, njengehenjisi eguquguqukayo yengcongolo.

^[6-7]

, ihenjisi eguquguqukayo yeengcongolo ezintathu jikelele

^[8-9]

kunye neringi yangaphakathi nangaphandle iihenjisi eziguquguqukayo

^[10-11]

Njl. Okwangoku, uphando kwiihenjisi eziguquguqukayo lufumene iziphumo ezininzi, ngoko ke, isitshixo sokuyila iihenjisi eziguquguqukayo zero-ziro kukutshatisa iimodyuli zokuqina ezingafanelekanga kwiihenjisi eziguquguqukayo[3].

Iihenjisi eziguquguqukayo zeringi yangaphakathi nangaphandle (Iringi yangaphakathi nangaphandle ye-flexural pivots, i-IORFP) ineempawu ezibalaseleyo ngokumalunga nokuqina, ukuchaneka kunye nokukhukuliseka kobushushu. Imodyuli yokuqina ehambelanayo ibonelela ngendlela yolwakhiwo lwehinge eguquguqukayo ye-zero, kwaye ekugqibeleni, igqibezela uyilo, ukusetyenzwa kwesampulu kunye novavanyo lwehenjisi eguquguqukayo ye-zero.

I-1 crank spring mechanism

1.1 Inkcazo yokuqina okungalunganga

Inkcazo ngokubanzi yokuqina kwe-K yizinga lokutshintsha phakathi komthwalo we-F othwalwa yinto e-elastic kunye ne-deformation ehambelanayo ne-dx.

K= dF/dx (1)

Xa ukunyuswa komthwalo we-elastic element kuchasene nomqondiso wokunyuka kwe-deformation ehambelanayo, ukuqina okubi. Ngokomzimba, ukuqina okungalunganga kuhambelana nokungazinzi kwe-static ye-elastic element

^[12]

.Iindlela zokuqina ezingalunganga zidlala indima ebalulekileyo kwinkalo ye-flexible static balance. Ngokuqhelekileyo, iindlela zokuqina ezingalunganga zinezi mpawu zilandelayo.

(1) Isixhobo sigcina isixa esithile samandla okanye singena kwi-deformation ethile.

(2) Isixhobo sikwimeko enzima yokungazinzi.

(3) Xa umatshini uphazamiseka kancinane kwaye ushiya indawo yokulinganisa, unokukhulula amandla amakhulu, akwicala elifanayo kunye nentshukumo.

1.2 Umgaqo wokwakha wehenjisi eguquguqukayo enguziro

I-zero-stiffness flexible hinge inokwakhiwa ngokusebenzisa ukuqina okulungileyo kunye nokubi, kwaye umgaqo uboniswe kuMfanekiso 2.

(1) Phantsi kwentshukumo yetorque esulungekileyo, umsesane wangaphakathi nangaphandle iihenjisi eziguquguqukayo zinobudlelwane obumalunga ne-angle ejikelezayo yetorque, njengoko kubonisiwe kuMfanekiso 2a. Ngokukodwa, xa indawo yokuhlangana ibekwe kwi-12.73% yobude bengcongolo, ubudlelwane be-torque-rotation angle bunomgca.

^[11]

, ngeli xesha, umzuzu wokubuyisela iMpivot (indlela yewotshi) yehenjisi ebhetyebhetye inxulumene ne-engile yokujikeleza.θ(counterclockwise) ubudlelwane bu

IMpivot=(8EI/L)θ (2)

Kwifomula, i-E yimodyuli e-elastic yezinto eziphathekayo, u-L ubude bengcongolo, kwaye ndingumzuzu we-inertia yecandelo.

(2) Ngokwemodeli yokuqina okujikelezayo kweehenjisi eziguquguqukayo zangaphakathi kunye nezangaphandle, ukuqina okungahambi kakuhle kwendlela ejikelezayo kuhambelana, kunye neempawu zayo ezimbi ziboniswa kuMfanekiso 2b.

(3) Ngenxa yokungazinzi kwendlela yokuqina embi

^[12]

, ukuqina kwehenjisi eguquguqukayo yeqanda kufuneka ibe malunga neqanda kwaye ibe mkhulu kunoziro, njengoko kubonisiwe kuMfanekiso 2c.

1.3 Ingcaciso yesixhobo se-crank spring

Ngokoncwadi [4], ihenjisi eguquguqukayo ye-zero inokwakhiwa ngokuzisa intwasahlobo esele ikhubazeke ngaphambili phakathi komzimba oshukumayo oqinileyo kunye nomzimba oqinileyo oqinileyo wehenjisi eguquguqukayo. Kwiringi yangaphakathi nangaphandle ihenjisi ebhetyebhetye eboniswe kwiFIG. I-1, intwasahlobo yaziswa phakathi kwendandatho yangaphakathi kunye nendandatho yangaphandle, oko kukuthi, iindlela ze-spring-crank (SCM) ziyaziswa. Ngokubhekiselele kwindlela yesilayidi secrank eboniswe kuMfanekiso 3, iiparamitha eziyeleleneyo zomatshini we-crank spring machine zibonisiwe kuMfanekiso 4. Isixhobo se-crank-spring senziwe nge-crank kunye ne-spring (ukubeka ukuqina njenge-k). i-engile yokuqala yi-engile equkiweyo phakathi kwe-crank AB kunye nesiseko se-AC xa intwasahlobo ingakhubazekanga. R imele ubude becrank, l imele ubude besiseko, kwaye ichaza umlinganiselo wobude becrank njengomlinganiselo we r ukuya ku l, I.e. = r/l (0<<1).

Ukwakhiwa komatshini we-crank-spring kufuna ukumiselwa kweeparamitha ezi-4: ubude besiseko l, umlinganiselo wobude becrank, i-engile yokuqala kunye nokuqina kwentwasahlobo K.

Ukuguqulwa komatshini we-crank spring phantsi kwamandla kubonisiwe kuMfanekiso 5a, okwangoku uM

_γ

Phantsi kwentshukumo, i-crank ishukuma ukusuka kwindawo yokuqala AB

_Beta

tyhila kuAB

_γ

, ngexesha lenkqubo yojikelezo, i-engile ebandakanyiweyo yecrank ngokunxulumene nendawo ethe tye

_γ

ebizwa ngokuba yi-crank angle.

Uhlalutyo lomgangatho lubonisa ukuba i-crank ijikeleza ukusuka ku-AB (indawo yokuqala, i-M & i-gamma Uziro) ukuya ku-AB0 (“indawo yokufa”indawo, M

_γ

nguziro), indlela ye-crank-spring inoguquko oluneempawu zokuqina ezingalunganga.

1.4 Ubudlelwane phakathi kwetorque kunye ne-engile yokujikeleza ye-crank spring mechanism

KwiFig. 5, itorque M & i-gamma Ukuhamba ngasekunene kukwanika ithemba, i-engile yecrank & i-gamma i-counterclockwise ilungile, kwaye umzuzu womthwalo we-M ulinganiswe kwaye uhlalutywe ngezantsi.

_γ

nge-crank angle

_γ

Ubudlelwane phakathi kwenkqubo yokwenza imodeli bukhulu.

Njengoko kubonisiwe kumfanekiso 5b, itorque balance equation yecrank AB & i-gamma idwelisiwe.

Kwifomula, uF & i-gamma ngamandla okubuyisela entwasahlobo, d & i-gamma nguF & i-gamma ukukhomba u-A. Cinga ukuba i-displacement-load yobudlelwane bentwasahlobo i

Kwifomula, u-K ukuqina kwentwasahlobo (akuyomfuneko ukuba ibe lixabiso elingaguqukiyo),δ

xγ

sisixa soguquko lwasentwasa hlobo (lucuthelwe ekubeni luhle),δ

xγ

=|B

_Beta

C| – |B

_γ

C|.

Uhlobo lwaxeshanye (3)(5), umzuzwana M

_γ

enekona

_γ

Ubudlelwane bu

1.5 Uhlalutyo lweempawu zokuqina ezingalunganga ze-crank-spring mechanism

Ukuze kuququzelelwe uhlalutyo lweempawu zokuqina ezingalunganga ze-crank-spring mechanism (umzuzu M

_γ

enekona

_γ

ubudlelwane), kunokucingelwa ukuba intwasahlobo inokuqina komgca ochanekileyo, emva koko ifomula (4) inokuphinda ibhalwe njenge

Kwifomula, i-Kconst isoloko ingaphezulu kunoziro. Emva kokuba ubungakanani behinge eguquguqukayo buchongiwe, ubude be-l besiseko bunqunywe kwakhona. Ke ngoko, kucingwa ukuba u-l uyinto engatshintshiyo, ifomula (6) ingaphinda ibhalwe njenge

apho i-Kconstl2 iyinto engatshintshiyo enkulu kunoziro, kunye ne-coefficient yomzuzu m & i-gamma inomlinganiselo omnye. Iimpawu zokuqina okungalunganga kwendlela ye-crank-spring inokufunyanwa ngokuhlalutya ubudlelwane phakathi kwe-torque coefficient m. & i-gamma kunye ne-engile yokujikeleza & gamma.

Ukususela kwi-equation (9), i-Figure 6 ibonisa i-angle yokuqala =π ubudlelwane phakathi m & i-gamma kunye nobude be-crank kunye ne-engile yokujikeleza & gamma;, & isin;[0.1, 0.9],& i-gamma& ingaphakathi;[0, π]. Umzobo 7 ubonisa ubudlelwane phakathi kwe-m & i-gamma kunye ne-engile yokujikeleza & i-gamma kuba = 0.2 kwaye ezahlukeneyo. Umzobo 8 ubonisa =π Xa, phantsi ezahlukeneyo , ubudlelwane phakathi m & i-gamma kunye ne-engile & gamma.

Ngokwenkcazelo ye-crank spring mechanism (icandelo 1.3) kunye nefomula (9), xa i-k kunye no-l zingatshintshi, m & i-gamma Kuphela inxulumene ne-engile & i-gamma;, umlinganiselo wobude becrank kunye ne-engile yokuqalisa i-crank.

(1) Ukuba kwaye kuphela ukuba & i-gamma ilingana no-0 okanyeπ okanye, m & i-gamma ilingana no-zero; & i-gamma & kukho;[0, ],m & i-gamma mkhulu kunoziro; & i-gamma & iphakathi;[π], m & i-gamma ngaphantsi kunoziro. & kukho;[0, ],m & i-gamma mkhulu kunoziro; & i-gamma& iphakathi;[π], m & i-gamma ngaphantsi kunoziro.

(2) & i-gamma Xa [0, ], i-engile yokujikeleza & i-gamma ukwanda, m & i-gamma ukunyuka ukusuka ku-zero ukuya kwi-engile ye-inflection point & i-gamma;0 ithatha elona xabiso liphezulu m & i-gamma; max, kwaye emva koko yehla kancinci.

(3) Ukuqina okungalunganga koluhlu lweempawu ze-crank spring mechanism: & i-gamma& ingaphakathi;[0, & gamma;0], ngeli xesha & i-gamma ukwanda (ngokuchasene newotshi), kunye netorque M & i-gamma ukwanda (ngokuhamba kwewotshi). I-engile ye-inflection point & i-gamma; i-0 ngowona mgangatho wokujikeleza uphezulu wokuqina okungalunganga kophawu lwe-crank-spring mechanism kunye & i-gamma0 & nguwe;[0, ];m & i-gamma; ubuninzi bobona mlinganiso womzuzu ongalunganga. Kunikwe kwaye , ukufunyanwa kwe-equation (9) izivuno & i-gamma0

(4) inkulu i-engile yokuqala, & i-gamma enkulu 0, m

_γubuninzi

inkulu.

(5) ubukhulu bomlinganiselo wobude, & i-gamma encinci 0, m

_γubuninzi

inkulu.

Ngokukodwa, =πIimpawu zokuqina ezingalunganga ze-crank spring mechanism zezona zingcono (uluhlu lwe-engile yokuqina kwe-negative inkulu, kunye ne-torque enokubonelelwa inkulu). =πNgexesha elifanayo, phantsi kweemeko ezahlukeneyo, i-angle ephezulu yokujikeleza & i-gamma yokuqina okungalunganga kweempawu ze-crank spring mechanism; 0 kunye nowona mlinganiso we-torque engalunganga m & i-gamma Ubuninzi budweliswe kwitheyibhile yoku-1.

2 Ukwakhiwa kwehenjisi eguquguqukayo enguziro

Ukumataniswa kokuqina okulungileyo nokubi kwe-2.1 kubonisiwe kuMfanekiso 9, n(n 2) amaqela eendlela zasentwasahlobo ezinxuseneyo zisasazwa ngokulinganayo kumjikelezo, zenza indlela yokuqina engalunganga edityaniswa neehenjisi eziguquguqukayo zeringi yangaphakathi nangaphandle.

Ukusebenzisa iringi yangaphakathi nangaphandle iihenjisi eziguquguqukayo njengenkqubo esezantsi yokuqina, yakha ihenjisi ebhetyebhetye enguziro. Ukuze ufezekise ukuqina kwe-zero, fanisa ukuqina okulungileyo kunye nokubi

ngaxeshanye (2), (3), (6), (11), kunye & gama;=θ, umthwalo F & i-gamma yasentwasahlobo inokufumaneka; kunye nokufuduswaδUbudlelwane x & i-gamma yi

Ngokwecandelo 1.5, uluhlu lwe-engile yokuqina kwe-crank spring mechanism: & i-gamma& ingaphakathi;[0, & gamma;0] kunye & i-gamma0 & isin;[0, ], ukubetha kokuqina kweqanda ihenjisi ebhetyebhetye kuya kuba ngaphantsi & gamma;0, mna .e. intwasahlobo ihlala ikwimo yokukhubazeka (δxγ≠0). Uluhlu olujikelezayo lweehenjisi eziguquguqukayo zeringi yangaphakathi nangaphandle yi±0.35 rad(±20°), yenza lula imisebenzi yetrigonometric isono & i-gamma kunye cos & i-gamma ngoku Landelayo

Emva kokulula, ubudlelwane bomthwalo-wokufuduswa kwentwasahlobo

2.2 Uhlalutyo lwemposiso yemodeli ehambelana nokuqina kunye nengalunganga

Vavanya impazamo ebangelwa kunyango olulula lwe-equation (13). Ngokweeparamitha zokusetyenzwa kwangempela kwe-zero stiffness flexible hinge (Icandelo 4.2):n = 3,l = 40mm, =π, = 0.2,E = 73 GPA; Imilinganiselo yeringi yangaphakathi nangaphandle ebhetyebhetye ihenjisi yengcongolo L = 46mm, T = 0.3mm,W = 9.4mm; Iifomula zokuthelekisa (12) kunye (14) zenza lula ubudlelwane bokufuduswa komthwalo kunye nempazamo ehambelanayo yemithombo yangaphambili nasemva njengoko kubonisiwe kwiMifanekiso 10a kunye ne-10b ngokulandelelanayo.

Njengoko kubonisiwe kuMfanekiso 10, & i-gamma ingaphantsi kwe-0.35 rad (20°), impazamo ehambelanayo ebangelwa unyango olulula kwi-curve-displacement curve ayidluli i-2.0%, kunye nefomula

Unyango olulula lwe-(13) lungasetyenziselwa ukwakha iihenjisi eziguquguqukayo zero-zero.

2.3 Iimpawu zokuqina kwentwasahlobo

Kucingelwa ukuba ukuqina kwentwasahlobo ngu-K, ngaxeshanye (3), (6), (14)

Ngokweyona milinganiselo yokusetyenzwa kwemilinganiselo yokuqina kwehenjisi ebhetyebhetye (iCandelo 4.2), ijiko lokutshintsha lokuqina kwentwasahlobo K nge-engile. & i-gamma iboniswe kuMfanekiso 11. Ngokukodwa, nini & gamma;= 0, K ithatha elona xabiso liphantsi.

Ukuze kube lula ukuyila kunye nokucubungula, intwasahlobo ithatha intwasahlobo yokuqina eqondileyo, kwaye ukuqina yi-Kconst. Kuwo wonke ukubethabethana, ukuba ukuqina okupheleleyo kokuqina koziro ihenjisi ebhetyebhetye mkhulu kuno okanye ilingana noziro, iKconst kufuneka ithathe elona xabiso liphantsi le K.

I-Equation (16) lixabiso lokuqina kwentwasahlobo yokuqina evumayo xa kusakhiwa ihenjisi ebhetyebhetye enguziro. 2.4 Uhlalutyo lobulunga obunokuqina obunguziro Ubudlelwane bokususwa komthwalo wehenjisi eyakhiweyo enguziro-ukuqina bhetyebhetye

Ifomula yaxeshanye (2), (8), (16) inokufumaneka

Ukuze uvavanye umgangatho wokuqina kwe-zero, uluhlu lokunciphisa ukuqina kwehinge ebhetyebhetye phambi nasemva kokongeza imodyuli yokuqina engalunganga ichazwa njengomlinganiso wobulunga obunguziro.η

η Ukusondela kwi-100%, kokukhona umgangatho wokuqina kwe-zero uphezulu. Umfanekiso we-12 ngu-1-η Ubudlelwane kunye nomlinganiselo wobude becrank kunye ne-engile yokuqala η Izimele kwinani n leendlela ezinxuseneyo ze-crank-spring kunye nobude be-l besiseko, kodwa inxulumene kuphela nomlinganiselo wobude becrank, i-engile yokujikeleza. & i-gamma kunye ne-engile yokuqala.

(1) I-engile yokuqala iyanda kwaye umgangatho we-zero uphucula.

(2) Umlinganiselo wobude uyanyuka kwaye umgangatho we-zero uyancipha.

(3) Iengile & i-gamma ukwanda, ukuqina kwe-zero kuyehla.

Ukuze kuphuculwe izinga lokuqina kweqanda lehenjisi ethambileyo enguziro, i-engile yokuqala kufuneka ithathe ixabiso elikhulu; umlinganiselo wobude becrank kufuneka ube mncinci kangangoko. Kwangaxeshanye, ngokweziphumo zohlalutyo kwiCandelo le-1.5, ukuba lincinci kakhulu, ukukwazi kwe-crank-spring mechanism ukubonelela ukuqina okungalunganga kuya kuba buthathaka. Ukuze kuphuculwe umgangatho wokuqina onguziro wehenjisi ethambileyo enguziro, i-engile yokuqala =π, umlinganiselo wobude becrank = 0.2, oko kukuthi, eyona parameters processing yecandelo 4.2 zero stiffness flexible hinge.

Ngokweyona milinganiselo yokucubungula i-zero-stiffness flexible hinge (Icandelo 4.2), ubudlelwane be-torque-angle phakathi kweehenjisi eziguquguqukayo zangaphakathi kunye nezangaphandle kunye ne-zero-stiffness flexible hinge iboniswe kuMfanekiso 13; ukuhla kokuqina ngumlinganiso womgangatho onguziro-ukuqinaηUbudlelwane kunye nekona & i-gamma iboniswe kuMfanekiso 14. Ngomfanekiso 14: Kwi-0.35 rad (20°) uluhlu olujikelezayo, ukuqina kwe-zero-stiffness flexible hinge kuncitshiswa ngomyinge we-97%; 0.26 rad(15°) iikona, iyancipha ngama-95%.

3 Uyilo lwe-linear positive stiffness spring

Ulwakhiwo lwehenjisi ethambileyo enguziro idla ngokuba semva kokuba ubungakanani kunye nokuqina kwehenjisi ebhetyebhetye kumiselwe, kwaye ke ukuqina kwentwasahlobo kwindlela ye-crank spring mechanism ibuyiselwa umva, ngoko ke ukuqina kunye nobukhulu iimfuno zentwasahlobo zingqongqo. Ukongeza, i-angle yokuqala =π, ukusuka kwi-Figure 5a, ngexesha lokujikeleza kwe-zero-stiffness flexible hinge, intwasahlobo ihlala ikwimeko ecinezelweyo, oko kukuthi.“Uxinzelelo lwentwasahlobo”.

Ukuqina kunye nobukhulu bemithombo yoxinzelelo lwemveli kunzima ukwenza ngokuchanekileyo, kwaye indlela yesikhokelo ihlala ifuneka kwizicelo. Ngoko ke, intwasahlobo enobunzima kunye nobukhulu obunokuthi bube ngokwezifiso bucetywayo——Umtya wentwasahlobo omile okwedayimani. Umtya wentwasahlobo omile okwedayimane (Umfanekiso 15) uqulunqwe ngamagqabi amaninzi amile okwedayimani adityaniswe kuthotho. Ineempawu zoyilo lwasimahla kunye nenqanaba eliphezulu lokwenziwa ngokwezifiso. Itekhnoloji yokucubungula kwayo iyahambelana neehenjisi eziguquguqukayo, kwaye zombini zicutshungulwa ngocingo oluchanekileyo.

3.1 Imodeli yokususwa komthwalo womtya wentwasahlobo omile okwedayimani

Ngenxa ye-symmetry ye-rhombic leaf spring, i-spring enye kuphela yeqabunga kufuneka ihlaziywe ngoxinzelelo, njengoko kuboniswe kuMfanekiso 16. α yi-engile phakathi kwengcongolo kunye nokuthe tye, ubude, ububanzi kunye nobukhulu bengcongolo yi-Ld, Wd, Td ngokulandelelanayo, f ngumthwalo odityanisiweyo odibeneyo kwintwasahlobo yeqabunga lerhombus,δy kukuguqulwa kwentwasahlobo yegqabi kwicala lika-y, i-force fy kunye nomzuzu m yimithwalo elinganayo ekupheleni kwengcongolo enye, i-fv kunye ne-fw zizinto zecandelo le-fy kwinkqubo yokulungelelaniswa kwe-wov.

Ngokwethiyori yoguqulo lomqadi we-AWTAR[13], idimensionally edityanisiweyo yokufuduswa kobudlelwane bengcongolo enye.

Ngenxa yokunyanzelwa kobudlelwane bomzimba oqinileyo kwingcongolo, i-engile yokuphela kwengcongolo ngaphambi nasemva koguquko nguziro, oko kukuthi.θ = 0. Ngaxeshanye (20)(22)

I-equation (23) yimodeli yokudibanisa i-dimensional dimensional ye-rhombic leaf spring. Imithombo ye-n2 ye-rhombic yamagqabi idibaniswe kwi-series, kwaye imodeli yayo yokususa umthwalo

Ukususela kwifomula (24), niniαXa i-d incinci, ukuqina komtya weqabunga omile okwedayimani uphantse ube ngumgca phantsi kwemilinganiselo eqhelekileyo kunye nemithwalo eqhelekileyo.

3.2 Isingqinisiso esipheleleyo sokulinganisa imodeli

Ukuqinisekiswa kwezinto ezinqamlekileyo zokulinganisa imodeli yokutshintshwa komthwalo we-diamond-shape leaf spring iqhutywe. Ukusebenzisa i-ANSYS Mechanical APDL 15.0, iiparitha zokulinganisa ziboniswa kwiThebhile 2, kwaye uxinzelelo lwe-8 N lusetyenziswe kwi-spring yeqabunga le-diamond.

Ukuthelekiswa phakathi kweziphumo zemodeli kunye neziphumo zokulinganisa ubudlelwane be-rhombus spring-load load-displacement buboniswe kwiFig. I-17 (i-dimensionalization). Kwimithombo emine yeqabunga le-rhombus enee-angles ezahlukeneyo zokuthambekela, impazamo ehambelanayo phakathi kwemodeli kunye neziphumo zokulinganisa izinto ezinqamlekileyo azidluli kwi-1.5%. Ukunyaniseka kunye nokuchaneka kwemodeli (24) kuqinisekisiwe.

4 Uyilo kunye novavanyo lwehenjisi eguquguqukayo ye-zero

4.1 Uyilo lweParameter ye-zero-stiffness flexible hinge

Ukuyila ihenjisi ebhetyebhetye enguziro-ukuqina, iiparamitha zoyilo zehenjisi ebhetyebhetye kufuneka zimiselwe ngokwemiqathango yenkonzo kuqala, kwaye ke iiparamitha ezifanelekileyo zomatshini we-crank spring kufuneka zibalwe ngokuphambene.

4.1.1 Iiparamitha zehinge eziguquguqukayo

I-intersection point ye-ring flexible hinges yangaphakathi nangaphandle ifumaneka kwi-12.73% yobude bengcongolo, kwaye iiparitha zayo ziboniswe kwiThebhile 3. Kufakwe endaweni ye-equation (2), i-engile ye-torque-rotation ye-engile yangaphakathi nengaphandle yeehenjisi eziguquguqukayo

4.1.2 Iiparamitha zendlela yokuqina engalunganga

Njengoko kubonisiwe kwifig. I-18, ithatha inani n leendlela ze-crank spring ngokunxusene no-3, ubude l = 40 mm bumiselwa bubungakanani behenjisi ebhetyebhetye. ngokwesiphelo secandelo 2.4, i-angle yokuqala =π, umlinganiselo wobude becrank = 0.2. Ngokutsho kwe-equation (16), ukuqina kwentwasahlobo (I.e. idayimani igqabi spring umtya) yi Kconst = 558.81 N/m (26)

4.1.3 Iiparamitha zomtya wentlakohlaza yegqabi ledayimani

ngo-l = 40mm, =π, = 0.2, ubude bokuqala bentwasahlobo yi-48mm, kunye ne-deformation ephezulu (& gamma;= 0) yi 16mm. Ngenxa yokulinganiselwa kwesakhiwo, kunzima kwintwasahlobo enye yeqabunga le-rhombus ukuvelisa i-deformation enkulu kangaka. Ukusebenzisa imithombo emine yeqabunga lerhombus kuthotho (n2 = 4), ukuqina komthombo wamagqabi werhombus

Kd=4Kconst=2235.2 N/m (27)

Ngokobungakanani bendlela yokuqina engalunganga (Umfanekiso we-18), xa kujongwa ubude bengcongolo, ububanzi kunye ne-engile yokutyekela kwingcongolo yentwasahlobo emile njengedayimani, ingcongolo inokuthatyathwa kwifomula (23) kunye nefomula yokuqina (27) ye intlasa yamagqabi emile okwedayimani Ukutyeba. Iiparamitha zesakhiwo semithombo yamagqabi e-rhombus zidweliswe kwiThebhile 4.

umphezulu4

Ngamafutshane, iiparamitha zokuqina kwehenjisi ethambileyo enguziro ngokusekwe kumatshini we-crank spring sele imisiwe, njengoko kubonisiwe kwiTheyibhile 3 nakwiTheyibhile yesi-4.

4.2 Uyilo kunye nokulungiswa kwesampulu yehinge eguquguqukayo engu-zero Jonga kuncwadi [8] kwindlela yokusetyenzwa kunye novavanyo lwehinge ebhetyebhetye. Ihenjisi ebhetyebhetye enguziro-ukuqina yenziwe yihinge yokuqina engalunganga kunye neringi yangaphakathi nangaphandle ebhetyebhetye ihenjisi ngokunxuseneyo. Uyilo lwesakhiwo luboniswe kuMfanekiso we-19.

Zombini umsesane wangaphakathi kunye nangaphandle iihenjisi eziguquguqukayo kunye nemitya emile njengedayimane yegqabi eligqabi licutshungulwa ngokuchaneka kwezixhobo zoomatshini bokusika ucingo. Iringi yangaphakathi nangaphandle iihenjisi eziguquguqukayo zicutshungulwa kwaye zidityaniswe ngokwemigangatho. Umzobo wama-20 ngumfanekiso obonakalayo weeseti ezintathu zeentambo zentwasahlobo ezimile okwedayimani, kwaye uMzobo wama-21 udityaniselwe ukuqina kweqanda Umfanekiso wesampulu yehenjisi ebhetyebhetye.

4.3 Iqonga lokuvavanya ukuqina okujikelezayo kwe-zero-stiffness flexible hinge Ngokubhekiselele kwindlela yokuvavanya ukuqina okujikelezayo kwi- [8], iqonga lokuvavanya ukuqina okujikelezayo kwehinge eguquguqukayo ye-zero yakhiwe, njengoko kuboniswe kuMfanekiso 22.

4.4 Ukusetyenzwa kwedatha yovavanyo kunye nohlalutyo lweempazamo

Ukuqina okujikelezayo kweehenjisi eziguquguqukayo zangaphakathi nangaphandle kunye ne-zero-stiffness flexible hinges kwavavanywa kwiqonga lovavanyo, kwaye iziphumo zovavanyo ziboniswe kuMfanekiso 23. Bala kwaye uzobe igophe lobulunga obunguziro-zero-ukuqina kwehenjisi ebhetyebhetye ngokwefomula (19), njengoko kubonisiwe kwiFig. 24.

Iziphumo zovavanyo zibonisa ukuba ukuqina okujikelezayo kwehenjisi eguquguqukayo ye-zero kusondele kwi-zero. Xa kuthelekiswa nehenjisi yangaphakathi nangaphandle yeringi ebhetyebhetye, ukuqina kweqanda okuguquguqukayo kwehenjisi±0.31 rad(18°) ukuqina kwehliswe ngomyinge wama-93%; 0.26 rad (15°), ukuqina kuyancipha nge-90%.

Njengoko kubonisiwe kwiMifanekiso ye-23 kunye ne-24, kusekho i-gap ethile phakathi kweziphumo zovavanyo lokuqina kwe-zero kunye neziphumo zemodeli yethiyori (impazamo ehambelanayo ingaphantsi kwe-15%), kwaye izizathu eziphambili zephutha zilandelayo.

(1) Impazamo yemodeli ebangelwa ukwenziwa lula kwemisebenzi yetrigonometric.

(2) Ukungqubana. Kukho ukukhuhlana phakathi komtya wentwasahlobo wegqabi ledayimani kunye neshaft yokunyuka.

(3) Impazamo yokucubungula. Kukho iimpazamo kubungakanani bokwenene bengcongolo, njl.

(4) Impazamo yeNdibano. I-gap phakathi komngxuma wofakelo womtya we-diamond weqabunga leqabunga kunye ne-shaft, i-gap yokufakela isixhobo sovavanyo lweqonga, njl.

4.5 Ukuthelekisa ukusebenza kunye nehenjisi eguquguqukayo ye-zero eqhelekileyo Kuncwadi [4], i-zero-stiffness flexible hinge ZSFP_CAFP yakhiwa kusetyenziswa i-cross-axis flexural pivot (CAFP), njengoko kubonisiwe kuMfanekiso 25.

Ukuthelekisa ihenjisi eguquguqukayo enguziro ZSFP_IORFP (Fig. 21) kunye ne-ZSFP_CAFP (Fig. 25) yakhiwe kusetyenziswa umsesane wangaphakathi nangaphandle iihenjisi eziguquguqukayo

(1) ZSFP_IORFP, isakhiwo sihlangene ngakumbi.

(2) Uluhlu lwekona ye-ZSFP_IORFP luncinci. Uluhlu lwekona lukhawulelwe luluhlu lwekona yehinge eguquguqukayo ngokwayo; Uluhlu lwekona ye ZSFP_CAFP80°, ZSFP_IORFP uluhlu lwekona40°.

(3) ±18°Kuluhlu lweekona, i-ZSFP_IORFP inomgangatho ophezulu wokuqina kwe-zero. Umyinge wokuqina kwe-ZSFP_CAFP uncitshiswe nge-87%, kwaye umyinge wokuqina kwe-ZSFP_IORFP uncitshiswe nge-93%.

5 isiphelo

Ukuthatha ihenjisi eguquguqukayo yamakhonkco angaphakathi nangaphandle phantsi kwetorque ecocekileyo njengenkqubo esezantsi yokuqina, lo msebenzi ulandelayo wenziwe ukuze kwakhiwe ihenjisi eguquguqukayo engu-zero.

(1) Cebisa ngendlela engalunganga yokujikeleza kokuqina——Kumatshini we-crank spring, imodeli (iFormula (6)) yamiselwa ukuhlalutya ifuthe leeparamitha zesakhiwo kwiimpawu zokuqina kwayo ezingalunganga, kunye noluhlu lweempawu zokuqina ezingalunganga zanikwa (Itheyibhile 1).

(2) Ngokuthelekisa ukuqina okulungileyo kunye nokubi, iimpawu zokuqina kwentwasahlobo kwindlela yasentwasahlobo ye-crank (Equation (16)) zifunyenwe, kwaye imodeli (Equation (19)) isekwe ukuhlalutya isiphumo separameters zesakhiwo. Isixhobo se-crank spring kumgangatho ongunothi wokuqina kokuqina kweqanda ihenjisi ebhetyebhetye ihenjisi Impembelelo, ngokwethiyori, ngaphakathi kwe-stroke ekhoyo yehenjisi ebhetyebhetye yeringi zangaphakathi nezingaphandle (±20°), ukuncitshiswa okuqhelekileyo kokuqina kunokufikelela kwi-97%.

(3) Cebisa ukuqina okwenziwa ngokwezifiso“intwasahlobo”——Umtya wentlakohlaza omile okwedayimani omile njengedayimani ukuseka imodeli yokuqina kwawo (Equation (23)) kwaye yaqinisekiswa ngendlela ye element enomda.

(4) Kugqitywe uyilo, ukusetyenzwa kunye novavanyo lwesampulu yehenjisi ethambileyo enguziro. Iziphumo zovavanyo zibonisa ukuba: phantsi kwesenzo setorque ecocekileyo, i36°Kuluhlu lwee-angles ezijikelezayo, xa kuthelekiswa ne-ring flexible hinges yangaphakathi nangaphandle, ukuqina kwe-zero-stiffness flexible hinge kuncitshiswe nge-93% ngokomndilili.

Ihinge eyakhiweyo engagungqiyo enguziro iphantsi kwentshukumo yetorque esulungekileyo, enokuqonda.“zero ukuqina”, ngaphandle kokuqwalasela imeko yokuthwala iimeko ezinzima zokulayisha. Ngoko ke, ukwakhiwa kweehenjisi eziguquguqukayo zero-zero phantsi kweemeko ezinzima zomthwalo kugxininiso lophando olongezelelweyo. Ukongeza, ukunciphisa ukukhuhlana okukhoyo ngexesha lokuhamba kweehenjisi eziguquguqukayo zero-ziro yindlela ebalulekileyo yokuphucula i-zero-stiffness flexible hinges.

iimbekiselo

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Malunga nombhali: uBi Shusheng (umbhali ohambelanayo), indoda, owazalwa ngo-1966, ugqirha, uprofesa, umphathi wobugqirha. Umkhombandlela wakhe ophambili wophando yindlela eguquguqukayo ngokupheleleyo kunye nerobhothi ye-bionic.

Zeziphi iimveliso ezibandakanya iWujinjiaoian? Ingaba uyazi?

1. I-Wujinjiaodian ibandakanya ezi zinto zilandelayo: i-hardware ibhekisa kwizinto ezintlanu zentsimbi zegolide, isilivere, ubhedu, intsimbi kunye netoti. I-Hardware ngumama woshishino; isiseko sokhuselo lwelizwe kunye neemveliso zezixhobo ze-hardware zihlala zihlulwe kuphela kwi-hardware enkulu kunye ne-hardware encinci iindidi ezimbini.

2. I-Dawujin ibhekisela kwiipleyiti zetsimbi, imivalo yensimbi, intsimbi eyisicaba, intsimbi ye-angle ye-universal, i-channel iron, i-I-shaped iron kunye neentlobo ezahlukeneyo zezixhobo zetsimbi, ngelixa i-hardware ibhekisela kwi-hardware yokwakha, amashiti e-tin, izikhonkwane zokutshixa, ucingo lwentsimbi, i-mesh yensimbi yensimbi, iintsimbi zentsimbi zokucheba, izixhobo zendlu, izixhobo ezahlukeneyo, njl. Ngokobume kunye nokusetyenziswa kwe-hardware, kufuneka ihlulwe ibe ziindidi ezisibhozo: intsimbi kunye nezixhobo zetsimbi, izixhobo zetsimbi ezingenayo i-ferrous, iinxalenye zomatshini, izixhobo zokuhambisa, izixhobo ezincedisayo, izixhobo zokusebenza, izixhobo zokwakha, kunye nezixhobo zendlu.

Zeziphi izinto ezibandakanyiweyo kwihardware kunye noomatshini bombane?

I-Hardware electromechanical ibandakanya ifenitshala ye-hardware, izixhobo zombane, njl. ezinxulumene nehardware. I-Hardware ibhekisa kwigolide, isilivere, ubhedu, intsimbi, i-tin, kwaye ibhekisa kwintsimbi ngokubanzi

Sonke siyazi ukuba zininzi izinto ezibandakanyekayo kwiivenkile ze-hardware, kwaye ububanzi bokugubungela bukhulu kakhulu. Ukongeza kwezinye izixhobo eziqhelekileyo, kukwakho nezinye izinto zoomatshini nezombane. Nangona kunjalo, ukuba ufuna ukuthenga, kufuneka ufunde Yintoni ingcamango ye-electromechanical hardware, kwaye kuyimfuneko ukwazi ukuba zeziphi iindidi ze-electromechanical hardware.

Sonke siyazi ukuba zininzi izinto ezibandakanyekayo kwiivenkile ze-hardware, kwaye ububanzi bokugubungela bukhulu kakhulu. Ukongeza kwezinye izixhobo eziqhelekileyo, kukwakho nezinye izinto zoomatshini nezombane. Nangona kunjalo, ukuba ufuna ukuthenga, kufuneka ufunde Yintoni ingcamango ye-electromechanical hardware, kwaye kuyimfuneko ukwazi ukuba zeziphi iindidi ze-electromechanical hardware, ukuze sikwazi ukukhetha ngokohlobo.

Ingcamango yezixhobo ze-Electromechanical?

I-Hardware i-electromechanical ligama eliqhelekileyo, kubandakanywa nefenitshala ye-hardware, izixhobo zombane kunye nezinye izinto ezinxulumene ne-hardware yokuvelisa kunye neemveliso zingaphakathi kwendawo yayo.

1. Yintoni hardware?

I-Hardware ibhekisa kwigolide, isilivere, ubhedu, intsimbi, i-tin, kwaye ibhekisa kwintsimbi ngokubanzi. I-hardware yanamhlanje iqhele ukusetyenziswa njengegama eliqhelekileyo lesinyithi okanye ubhedu kunye neemveliso zentsimbi.

2. Yintoni i-electromechanical?

Njengoko igama lisitsho, i-electromechanical yi-electronics mechanical, ebhekisela kwiklasi yeemveliso ezinxulumene noomatshini kunye nombane.

Ukuhlelwa kwezixhobo ze-Electromechanical?

Izixhobo ze-Hardware, izixhobo ze-hardware, izixhobo zokwakha, ii-hardware zemihla ngemihla, izitshixo kunye ne-abrasives, ikhitshi kunye ne-hardware yegumbi lokuhlambela, i-hardware yefenitshala, imathiriyeli ye-hardware, imathiriyeli ye-welding kumatshini wokuwelda, izixhobo zombane, iingcingo kunye neentambo, izixhobo zokukhanyisa, izixhobo kunye neemitha, izixhobo zokhuseleko kunye izixhobo, oomatshini kunye nezixhobo zombane, izixhobo zoomatshini kunye nezixhobo zehardware.

1. Izixhobo zehardware

Ibhekisa kwigama eliqhelekileyo lezixhobo ezahlukeneyo zetsimbi ezenziwe ngentsimbi, intsimbi, ialuminiyam kunye nezinye iintsimbi ngokwenziwa, ukuqengqeleka, ukusika kunye nokunye ukusetyenzwa komzimba. Inoluhlu olubanzi kunye neemveliso ezininzi. Ikwahlulwe kwiindidi ezili-12 ngokusetyenziswa kunye nodidi lwezinto eziphathekayo.

Izixhobo ze-Hardware zibandakanya izixhobo ezahlukeneyo, izixhobo zombane, ipneumatic, izixhobo zokusika, izixhobo zokulungisa iimoto, izixhobo zezolimo, izixhobo zokuphakamisa, izixhobo zokulinganisa, izixhobo zoomatshini, izixhobo zokusika, izixhobo, iimela, ukubumba, izixhobo zokusika, amavili okusila, iidrill, oomatshini bokupolisha, isixhobo. izincedisi, izixhobo zokulinganisa, iibrasives, njl.

2. Izincedisi zeHardware

Izixhobo ze-Hardware zibhekisa kumalungu omatshini okanye amacandelo enziwe nge-hardware, kunye neemveliso ezincinci zehardware. Ingasetyenziswa yodwa okanye njengesixhobo esincedisayo. Ngokomzekelo, izixhobo ze-hardware, izixhobo ze-hardware, i-hardware yemihla ngemihla, i-hardware yokwakha kunye nezixhobo zokhuseleko, njl. Iimveliso ze-hardware ezincinci Uninzi lwazo aziyimpahla yokugqibela yabathengi. Baxhasa iimveliso, iimveliso ezigqityiweyo kunye nezixhobo ezisetyenziswa kwinkqubo yokuvelisa, njl. yokwenziwa kwemizi-mveliso. Kuphela inxalenye encinci yeemveliso ze-hardware yemihla ngemihla (izixhobo) zizixhobo zabathengi eziyimfuneko kubomi babantu.

3. Izixhobo zokwakha

I-hardware ye-Architectural ligama eliqhelekileyo lesinyithi kunye neemveliso ezingezizo ezentsimbi kunye nezixhobo ezisetyenziswa kwizakhiwo okanye kwizakhiwo. Ngokuqhelekileyo, ineempembelelo ezimbini zokusebenza kunye nokuhlobisa.

4. Izixhobo zemihla ngemihla

Ukusetyenziswa kwezixhobo zemihla ngemihla kubhekisa kwiimveliso zehardware ezisetyenziswa kubomi bemihla ngemihla njengokutya, ukunxiba, ukuphila kunye nokusebenzisa. Ininzi yenziwe ngezinto zetsimbi. Iimbiza zentsimbi kunye nobhedu, izitya, iimela, izikere, iinaliti, izibane zeoli, njl. ziinkqubo zemveliso zehardware ezisetyenziswa mihla le.

5. Ikhitshi kunye nezixhobo zokuhlambela

Ukubandakanya iisilinda zerayisi, iingobozi zentsimbi, iihenjisi, iintsimbi zesilayidi, iihenjisi zenqwelomoya, izibambo

6. Izixhobo zefenitshala

Izixhobo zefenitshala yefenitshala ibhekisa kumalungu ehardware yefenitshala yehardware okanye iileyili zesilayidi, iihenjisi, imilenze yesofa, iziphakamisi, ii-backrests, imithombo, iinzipho zemipu, iikhowudi zeenyawo, uqhagamshelo, imisebenzi, izibophelelo, iibhaskithi zokutsala, imihombiso kwifanitshala Amalungu esinyithi kunye neminye imisebenzi, eyaziwayo. njengezixhobo zefenitshala. Kwangexesha leNtwasahlobo neNkwindla kunye neXesha laMazwe alwayo e-China, kwakukho iihenjisi zobhedu kwiikhabhathi, iikona zamatyala anelacquered, iinxalenye zobhedu ezityatyekwe ngegolide zeenyawo, kunye namakhonkco obhedu.

Emva kwentshayelelo engentla, ndiyaqonda ngokuyintloko ukuba zeziphi iikhonsepthi ze-electromechanical hardware. Kwinqaku, yintoni i-hardware kwaye yintoni i-electromechanical, ndikunike isingeniso. Ukuba sifuna ukuthenga, sinokuqala sijonge ingcamango yayo. Emva koko unokwazi ukuba ngaba ufuna olu hlobo lwento, ukuba uyayifuna, ungayithenga, kwaye, kwinqaku, uyazi nokuba yintoni ulwahlulo lwe-electromechanical hardware.

I-Hardware electromechanical classification ye-hardware electromechanical

Izixhobo ze-Hardware, izixhobo ze-hardware, izixhobo zokwakha, ii-hardware zemihla ngemihla, izitshixo kunye ne-abrasives, ikhitshi kunye ne-hardware yegumbi lokuhlambela, i-hardware yefenitshala, imathiriyeli ye-hardware, imathiriyeli ye-welding kumatshini wokuwelda, izixhobo zombane, iingcingo kunye neentambo, izixhobo zokukhanyisa, izixhobo kunye neemitha, izixhobo zokhuseleko kunye izixhobo, oomatshini kunye nezixhobo zombane, izixhobo zoomatshini kunye nezixhobo zehardware. Ibhekisa kwigama eliqhelekileyo lezixhobo ezahlukeneyo zetsimbi ezenziwe ngentsimbi, intsimbi, ialuminiyam kunye nezinye iintsimbi ngokwenziwa, ukuqengqeleka, ukusika kunye nokunye ukusetyenzwa komzimba. Inoluhlu olubanzi kunye neemveliso ezininzi. Ikwahlulwe kwiindidi ezili-12 ngokusetyenziswa kunye nodidi lwezinto eziphathekayo.

Izixhobo ze-Hardware zibandakanya izixhobo ezahlukeneyo, izixhobo zombane, ipneumatic, izixhobo zokusika, izixhobo zokulungisa iimoto, izixhobo zezolimo, izixhobo zokuphakamisa, izixhobo zokulinganisa, izixhobo zoomatshini, izixhobo zokusika, izixhobo, iimela, ukubumba, izixhobo zokusika, amavili okusila, iidrill, oomatshini bokupolisha, isixhobo. izincedisi, izixhobo zokulinganisa, iibrasives, njl. I-Hardware kunye neemveliso ze-electromechanical kufuneka zilungelelanise rhoqo utshintsho kwimithetho yophuhliso lweemarike. Okwangoku, iimveliso ezininzi zikhuphisana kakhulu. Ukuthatha isikhunta njengomzekelo, isabelo semarike yasekhaya ye-low-end molds idlula i-99%. Nangona kunjalo, ukhuphiswano lwamaxabiso emarike lunobuzaza kwaye imida yenzuzo iphantsi kakhulu. Iimolds ezikumgangatho ophezulu Inzuzo iphezulu kodwa i-80% ixhomekeke kwizinto ezithunyelwa ngaphandle. Kodwa iinkampani ezininzi ziye zakuqonda oku kwaye zaqala ukwenza uhlaziyo lwetekhnoloji kunye nophando lwemveliso kunye nophuhliso. Kwixesha elizayo, i-hardware kunye neshishini lombane liya kuhamba ngokuthe ngcembe ukuya kwixesha lokhuphiswano lwezobuchwepheshe kunokhuphiswano lwamaxabiso.

Okwangoku, iintengiselwano zehardware kunye neshishini lombane zigxile kakhulu kwiimarike ezithengisayo zezixeko ezikhulu. Ukuthatha iChengdu njengomzekelo, kukho iimarike ezininzi zehardware kunye nombane kwindawo yeJinfu Road, njengeWanguan, iJinfu, iWest, kunye nesiXeko seNsimbi. Isithili soshishino sebhiliyoni. Nangona kunjalo, olu hlobo lwentengiso yentengiso ebonakalayo ingena ngakumbi nangakumbi kwi-Intanethi. Okwangoku, iiwebhusayithi ezininzi ezinkulu ziqala ukuseta iimarike ze-intanethi kwi-hardware kunye neshishini lombane. Nangona i-wholesale yemarike ebonakalayo iseyona nto iphambili, kodwa ngokubhekiselele kwi-hardware kunye neenkampani zeemveliso zombane ziseyi-wholesale Imarike ilandela i-Intanethi, kwaye uphuhliso lwexesha elizayo luya kwenza imeko apho izikhululo ezisebenzisanayo ze-intanethi kunye ne-offline ziyisiqingatha sesibhakabhaka. Imarike engaxhunyiwe kwi-intanethi inomkhwa wokutshintshela kwizixeko ezincinci kunye neziphakathi.

Izixhobo zombane zeHardware zibhekisa kwizixhobo zombane ezenziwe ngegolide, isilivere, ubhedu, intsimbi, ialuminiyam, itoti kunye nezinye izinto zentsimbi.

Ezona zixhobo zixhaphakileyo ze-hardware ziquka izixhobo zombane, izibane zombane, iisokethi zombane, izitshixo zombane, iziqhagamshelo zombane, amacandelo entsimbi anje nge-resistators, ii-capacitors, ii-reactors, njl.

I-Hardware: iimveliso ze-hardware zemveli, ezaziwa ngokuba yi "hardware". Libhekisela kwiintsimbi ezintlanu: igolide, isilivere, ubhedu, intsimbi, netoti. Emva kokucubungula ngesandla, ingenziwa ibe yizitshetshe, amakrele kunye neminye imisebenzi yobugcisa okanye izixhobo zetsimbi. I-Hardware kuluntu lwanamhlanje lubanzi ngakumbi, njengezixhobo ze-hardware, iinxalenye ze-hardware, i-hardware yemihla ngemihla, i-hardware yokwakha kunye nezixhobo zokhuseleko, njl. Uninzi lweemveliso ezincinci zehardware ayizompahla zokugqibela zabathengi.

Ulwazi olwandisiweyo:

Ukusebenza kwenkqubo:

Ibhekisa kwezo mpawu zesakhono semathiriyeli ukumelana nokucutshungulwa kunye nokuphathwa.

Ukusebenza kwe-Casting: Kubhekiselele kwiimpawu ezithile zobuchwepheshe malunga nokuba isinyithi okanye i-alloy ifanelekile ukuphosa, ngokukodwa kubandakanywa nokusebenza kokuhamba, ukukwazi ukuzalisa isikhunta; i-shrinkage, ukukwazi ukunciphisa umthamo wokuphosa xa uqina; ulwahlulo lubhekisa kwi-inhomogeneity yokwakheka kweekhemikhali.

Ukusebenza kwe-Welding: kubhekiselele kwiimpawu zokuba izinto ezimbini okanye ngaphezulu zetsimbi zidibene kunye ngokufudumeza okanye ukufudumeza kunye noxinzelelo lwe-welding, kunye ne-interface inokuhlangabezana nenjongo yokusetyenziswa.

Ukusebenza kwecandelo legesi ephezulu: ibhekisela ekusebenzeni kwezinto zetsimbi ezinokumelana nokuphazamiseka ngaphandle kokuphuka.

Ukusebenza kokugoba okubandayo: kubhekiselele kwisakhono semathiriyeli yentsimbi ukumelana nokugoba ngaphandle kokuqhekeka kwiqondo lobushushu begumbi. Iqondo lokugoba libonakaliswa ngokubanzi ngomlinganiselo we-engile yokugoba (i-engile yangaphandle) okanye i-engile yeziko lokugoba idiameter d ukuya kubukhulu besixhobo a, inkulu i-a okanye incinci i-d/a kukuba, ingcono ipropathi yokugoba ebandayo yemathiriyeli.

Ukusebenza kwesitampu: ukukwazi kwezixhobo zetsimbi ukumelana ne-stamping deformation ngaphandle kokuqhekeka. Ukunyathela kwiqondo lobushushu begumbi kubizwa ngokuba yi-cold stamping. Indlela yokuhlola ivavanywa ngovavanyo lwe-cupping.

Ukwenziwa kokusebenza: ukukwazi kwezixhobo zetsimbi ukumelana nokuguqulwa kweplastiki ngaphandle kokuphulwa ngexesha lokukhwabanisa.

Yintoni i-hardware, i-electromechanical, i-hardware yokwakha, izixhobo ze-hardware, i-hardware ye-industrial

I-Hardware electromechanical ligama eliqhelekileyo, kubandakanywa nefenitshala ye-hardware, izixhobo zombane kunye nezinye izinto ezinxulumene ne-hardware yokuvelisa kunye neemveliso ngaphakathi kwendawo yayo. I-Hardware ibhekisa kwigolide, isilivere, ubhedu, intsimbi, i-tin, kwaye ibhekisa kwintsimbi ngokubanzi. I-hardware yanamhlanje isetyenziswa ngokuqhelekileyo njengentsimbi Okanye igama elihlangeneyo leemveliso ezifana nobhedu kunye nentsimbi. I-Electromechanical yi-electronics mechanical, ebhekisela kwiklasi yeemveliso ezinxulumene noomatshini kunye nombane.

Izixhobo zobuchule bokwakha zaqala kwiindibano zocweyo zezandla ezifana neevenkile zesinyithi, iivenkile zobhedu, kunye neevenkile zesinyithi. I-China yayineendibano zocweyo zokwenza izikhonkwane kwi-Tang Dynasty, kunye nezikhonkwane, izitshixo zocango, izitshixo, abankqonkqozi bamacango, njl. zenziwe ngesandla. Nangona kunjalo, ngenxa yokuba izakhiwo zamandulo zisebenzisa iinkuni kunye nesakhiwo samatye, i-hardware yezakhiwo ziye zaphuhliswa kancinci kumawaka eminyaka edlulileyo. Emva kwenkulungwane ye-19, kunye nokusetyenziswa ngokubanzi kwezixhobo zetsimbi kunye neemfuno zobomi bentlalo, i-hardware yokwakha iye yaphuhliswa ngokukhawuleza, kunye nemveliso emininzi yezikhonkwane zentsimbi, iihenjisi, iifektri ezincinci okanye iindibano zocweyo zeebholiti, iigwegwe zefestile, iinxalenye zevalve yefaucet, ifestile elukiweyo yocingo. izikrini, njl. Kamva, izixhobo zokulungisa oomatshini zaye zasetyenziswa ngokuthe ngcembe endaweni yokuba zenziwe ngezandla, zenza amashishini amaninzi akhethekileyo. Ngophuculo oluqhubekayo lwemigangatho yezakhiwo ezahlukeneyo Uphuculo, iimveliso zehardware yezakhiwo zanamhlanje ziye zaphuhliswa ukusuka kuluhlu olunye ukuya kulandelelwano, kwaye iimfuno zobuhle bazo kunye neziphumo zokuhombisa ziya phezulu nangaphezulu. Itekhnoloji yemveliso yeemveliso ze-architectural hardware nazo zenze inkqubela enkulu. Uninzi lweemveliso zitshintshiwe ukusuka kwi-semi-manual yokuqala, Ukusebenza kwe-Semi-mechanical kuphuhliswe kwi-semi-automatic okanye i-automatic automatic mechanical assembly line production. Izinto ezisetyenziselwa i-architectural hardware ziye zandiswa ukusuka kwi-alloys zethusi zendabuko kunye ne-low-carbon steels ukuya kwi-alloys ye-zinc, i-alloys ye-aluminium, insimbi engenasici, iiplastiki, intsimbi yeglasi kunye nezinto ezahlukeneyo ezidibeneyo. .

Kukho iintlobo ezininzi zeentsimbi zokwakha. Ngokubanzi, zinokwahlulwa zibe ziindidi ezintlanu: umnyango kunye nefestile yehardware, i-hardware yeplumbing, i-hardware yokuhombisa, iimveliso ze-silk nail mesh hardware kunye nezixhobo zasekhitshini.

I-hardware yomnyango kunye nefestile ligama eliqhelekileyo lezinto ezahlukeneyo zetsimbi kunye nezingezizo ezentsimbi ezifakwe kwiingcango kunye neefestile zezakhiwo. Ngokwenjongo, yahlulahlulwe kwisakhiwo sokukhiya iingcango, izibambo, i-braces, i-hinges, i-closers yeengcango, izibambo, iibholithi, ii-hook zefestile, i-anti-theft chain, i-Induction door open and closing device, njl.

I-hardware ye-plumbing ligama eliqhelekileyo le-hardware esetyenziselwa ukwakha unikezelo lwamanzi kunye neenkqubo zokuhambisa amanzi, iinkqubo zokufudumeza kunye nezindlu zangasese. Ngokuqhelekileyo kubandakanya iifaucets, iishawa, amanzi awelayo, izixhobo zendlu yangasese, izixhobo zangasese, izixhobo zokuhlambela zokutshiza, iivalvu, ukudityaniswa kwemibhobho kunye nezindlu zangasese. ezinye izixhobo.

I-hardware yokuhlobisa ligama eliqhelekileyo lemihlobiso yokuhlobisa kunye neemveliso ezisetyenziswa ngaphakathi nangaphandle kwezakhiwo. Bahlala benemisebenzi yomibini yokusebenzisa kunye nokukhusela. Kukho ubukhulu becala iisilingi zentsimbi ezidityanisiweyo, izahlulo ezilula eziguquguqukayo, kunye neepaneli zokuhombisa ngentsimbi.

Iimveliso ze-hardware ze-nail ze-nail ze-hardware zenziwe ngentsimbi ye-carbon okanye i-non-ferrous metals. Ligama eliqhelekileyo kwiintlobo ezahlukeneyo zocingo, izikhonkwane, iminatha kunye neemveliso zemesh. Isetyenziswa kakhulu kwiiprojekthi zokwakha ezifana nezakhiwo.

Ucingo lutsalwa ngokubanda kwaye luqengqeleke kwintsimbi yekhabhoni okanye isinyithi esingeyontsimbi, kwaye luneenkcukacha ezahlukeneyo zobunzima. Ikakhulu yahlulwe ibe yintsimbi yentsimbi, intsimbi engenasici kunye nocingo olukhethekileyo lwentsimbi. Iingcingo zentsimbi: ekwabizwa ngokuba yi-galvanized low-carbon steel wire, i-cold-drawn. Isetyenziswa kakhulu ukubheqa, ucingo, ukulungisa ishedi, ukuluka umnatha, isisefo sokuluka, ihupula kunye nocingo oluhlabayo, ulawulo lwezandyondyo, ulwakhiwo, ukulungiswa kwebhulorho kunye neeprojekthi zokwakha amaqula kunye netelegraph Iintambo zonxibelelwano ezingaphezulu njengeefowuni, usasazo lwentambo, njl. Imisonto emibini yocingo lwentsimbi oluphothiweyo kunye nenye kunye nocingo oluhlabayo olunameva (Umfanekiso 1), isetyenziselwa ngokukodwa ukwakhiwa kwezixhobo zokhuselo ezijikeleze iindawo ezithintelweyo zomkhosi okanye iifektri ezibalulekileyo kunye neendawo zokugcina impahla. Ingcingo yensimbi engenastainless: iipropathi ezigqwesileyo zoomatshini, ukumelana nobushushu obuphezulu, ukuxhathisa okuhle kokubola, kusetyenziselwa ukuluka iingcingo ezahlukeneyo, ezisetyenziswa kwizixhobo ezahlukeneyo, izixhobo zasekhaya, izixhobo zonyango kunye nezococeko, iikhemikhali kunye noomatshini bokutya. Ucingo lwentsimbi olukhethekileyo: Iimveliso eziqhelekileyo zibandakanya intsimbi engundoqo yentsimbi, i-nickel-plated steel wire, i-Dumet wire, i-copper copper ejikelezayo, njl., ezisetyenziswa ngokubanzi kwishishini lomthombo wokukhanya kombane. Izixhobo zokwakha

Izikhonkwane zibethelwa kwiingcingo zetsimbi eziphantsi kwekhabhoni okanye iingcingo zobhedu kunye ne-aluminium. Zisetyenziselwa ukudibanisa iinkuni kunye nezinye iimveliso zefiber. Izikhonkwane zenziwe ngamacandelo amathathu: intloko ye-nail, i-nail shank kunye nencam ye-nail. Kukho iintlobo ezi-3 zezikhonkwane zezicathulo kunye nezikhonkwane ezikhethekileyo. Izikhonkwane zokwakha: iimveliso zibandakanya izikhonkwane zetsimbi ezijikelezileyo, izikhonkwane eziveziweyo, izikhonkwane zesaliti, izikhonkwane ezikhuniweyo, izikhonkwane ze-corrugated screws kunye nezikhonkwane zobhedu ezijikelezayo, njl njl. (Umfanekiso 2). Ingasetyenziselwa ukubethelela iibhokisi zokhuni, ifenitshala, iibhulorho zokhuni, izixhobo zezolimo, njl. Izikhonkwane zokwenza izihlangu: iimveliso zibandakanya izikhonkwane zesihlangu eziqhelekileyo (izikhonkwane zesikhumba sasekwindla), iinzipho zesesame, izikhonkwane ze-fishtail, izikhonkwane zentsimbi ezingqukuva kwizihlangu zesikhumba, njl. zikwasetyenziswa kakhulu kwizakhiwo. Izikhonkwane ezikhethekileyo: iimveliso zibandakanya izikhonkwane zetsimbi ezijikelezayo zokudibanisa, izikhonkwane zensimbi ze-samente kunye nezikhonkwane zokugaya amathaya, njl. Izixhobo zokwakha

Umnatha ulukwa ngocingo lwentsimbi okanye ucingo olungelulo lwentsimbi, okanye ubethelwe ngentsimbi. Ibandakanya ikakhulu isikrini sefestile, i-mesh yentsimbi eyandisiweyo kunye ne-hot-dip galvanized wire mesh. Ifestile yefestile: ilaphu lesilika elilukwe ngocingo lwentsimbi okanye ucingo olungelulo isinyithi .Ifakwe kwiingcango neefestile zangaphakathi ngokubanzi, iingcango zekhabhathi yokutya kunye nezigqubuthelo zesikhongozeli sokutya ukuthintela ukuhlasela kweempukane, iingcongconi kunye nezinye izinambuzane ezibhabhayo. Iingcingo zetsimbi ezisetyenziselwa izikrini zefestile ngokubanzi ziingcingo zetsimbi ezinekhabhoni ephantsi, iingcingo ze-aluminiyam, iingcingo ze-magnesium, iingcingo zobhedu kunye neengcingo zetsimbi ezingenasici, iingcingo ezingezizo ezentsimbi ezisetyenziswayo ziquka iplastiki, intambo yephepha, intambo ye-hemp, njl. Umphezulu wefestile yefestile yentsimbi yentsimbi ifakwe ngepeyinti eluhlaza, i-galvanized okanye i-slush-molded; ezinye izikrini zefestile zocingo ezingezizo ezentsimbi zidayiwe, kwaye ezinye zinombala wendalo. Iphepha lesinyithi elinemesh. Kukho i-mesh yentsimbi eyandisiweyo kunye ne-mesh ye-aluminiyam eyandisiweyo. I-mesh eyandisiweyo yenziwe nge-carbon steel annealed sheet ephantsi okanye ishidi elibandayo. Umnatha umile okwedayimani. Ngokobude bomphezulu we-mesh, yahlulwe yaba yi-mesh enkulu kunye ne-mesh encinci. Umnatha omkhulu Umphezulu womnatha uqatywe ngentsimbi ebomvu yepeyinti yokuchasa umhlwa, esetyenziswa ngokubanzi njengesigqubuthelo esikhuselayo kumatshini, okanye isetyenziswe njengomaleko okhuselayo kwizindlu zeglasi kunye neefestile, okanye isetyenziswe njengodonga lokuvalela yedwa kwiifektri. , iindawo zokugcina iimpahla, izitishi ezincinci kunye nezinye iindawo. Ngaphandle kwepeyinti, isetyenziswa ngokubanzi kwiindonga, iintsika, iisilingi, njl. kwezakhiwo, ukuze isamente kunye nekalika akulula ukuwa, kwaye idlala indima yeentsimbi zentsimbi. Umnatha oshinyeneyo wentsimbi nawo unokudlala indima ethwele umthwalo kunye ne-anti-skid, kwaye isetyenziswa kakhulu njengedokhi, iinqanawa, indawo yegumbi lomatshini kunye neepedali zokukhwela. I-aluminiyam eyandisiweyo yemesh yesinyithi ibethelwa ngepleyiti ebhityileyo ye-aluminiyam, i-mesh imile okwedayimane okanye i-herringbone, kwaye umphezulu udaywe nge-electro-dayiwe ngemibala eyahlukeneyo. Ineempawu zobunzima bokukhanya, ukubonakala okuhle kunye nokuqina. Eyona nto isetyenziswa kwizixhobo, iimitha, izixhobo zendlu, kunye noomatshini boshishino kunye nezixhobo zokungenisa umoya, ukhuseleko, ukuhluzwa kunye nokuhombisa. Umnatha wocingo owenziwe ngesinyithi oshushu-dip: Wenziwa ngokuluka iingcingo zentsimbi ezikumgangatho ophezulu. Ine-anti-corrosion ethile kunye nokumelana ne-oxidation. Ngokokwaluka Ubume begridi bunokwahlulwa ibe yi-square mesh kunye ne-hexagonal mesh, njl. Isetyenziswa kakhulu kwiindawo ezahlukeneyo ezifuna ukuvalwa, kwaye i-square mesh ephothiweyo ephothiweyo isetyenziswa kakhulu kwimibhobho yesamente.

Izixhobo zekhitshi Izixhobo kunye noomatshini bokusebenza kwekhitshi. Ubukhulu becala ibandakanya iitafile zokuhlamba, iitafile zokusebenza, abasiki bemifuno, izitovu, izitovu, ii-oveni, iikhabhathi zasekhitshini, ukugcinwa kunye neehoods. Ezinye zazo zisetyenziswa njengezixhobo ezisisigxina zokuxhasa ikhitshi. Yakhiwe kunye nendlu kwaye inikezelwe ukusetyenziswa; enye inxalenye iqwalaselwe ngumsebenzisi wendlu ngokweemfuno (jonga i-hardware yemihla ngemihla).

I-Hardware ingqiqo eqhelekileyo: yintoni imisele yomgangatho?

I-drain yomgangatho yi-interface ebalulekileyo edibanisa inkqubo yombhobho wokukhupha kunye nomgangatho wangaphakathi. Njengenxalenye ebalulekileyo yenkqubo yokuhambisa amanzi endlwini, ukusebenza kwayo kuchaphazela ngokuthe ngqo umgangatho womoya wangaphakathi, kwaye kubaluleke kakhulu ekulawuleni ukuvumba kwindawo yokuhlambela. I-drain yomgangatho iyimfuneko yokuhlobisa ikhaya Ziphi iindawo ezimbalwa, yintoni i-drain yomgangatho? Umhleli olandelayo uza kubazisa nganye nganye.

I-Hardware ingqiqo eqhelekileyo: yintoni imisele yomgangatho?

Ziziphi iidreyini zomgangatho? Ngokwendlela ye-deodorant, imisele yomgangatho yahlulahlulwe kakhulu ibe ziindidi ezintathu: iidreyini zamanzi ezikhupha isiqhumiso, iidreyini ezivaliweyo zomgangatho kunye nemigangatho emithathu yobungqina.

Idreyini yomgangatho ochasene nevumba yeyona nto yethu yemveli kwaye iqhelekile. Isebenzisa ubukhulu becala ukuxinana kwamanzi ukuthintela ukukhutshwa kwevumba elingaqhelekanga. Kwisakhiwo somgangatho we-drain, indawo yokugcina amanzi isitshixo. Umbhobho onjalo womgangatho kufuneka uzame ukukhetha indawo yokugcina amanzi enzulu. Awunakuvele ujonge imbonakalo entle. Ngokwemigangatho efanelekileyo, umzimba we-drain entsha yomgangatho kufuneka uqinisekise ukuba ukuphakama kwetywina lamanzi yi-5cm, kwaye ube nesakhono esithile sokugcina isitywina samanzi ekumiseni ukuthintela ukuvumba.

Ngoku kukho i-ultra-thin floor drains kwiimarike, ezintle kakhulu, kodwa umphumo ochasene nevumba awubonakali kakhulu. Ukuba indawo yakho yokuhlambela ayilona igumbi eliqaqambileyo, ngoko kukulungele ukukhetha ezinye zendabuko. Iidreyini ezivaliweyo zomgangatho wokuchasana nevumba zibhekisa ekongezeni i-Isigqubuthelo esingaphezulu sitywina i-drain body ukuze kuthintelwe ivumba. Inzuzo yalo mbhobho womgangatho kukuba ikhangeleka yanamhlanje kunye ne-avant-garde, kodwa i-avant-garde kufuneka ugobe phantsi ukuze uphakamise ikhava rhoqo xa uyisebenzisa, eyinkathazo.

Kodwa kutsha nje, idreyini yomgangatho otywiniweyo ephuculweyo ivele kwimarike. Kukho umthombo phantsi kwesigqubuthelo esingaphezulu. Xa usebenzisa isigqubuthelo esingaphezulu ngonyawo lwakho, isigqubuthelo esingaphezulu siya kuvela, kwaye unokubuya umva xa ungasetyenziswa. Ifanelekile ngakumbi. Izinto ezintathu zokuzikhusela Idreyini emgangathweni yeyona nto iphambili yokuchasana nevumba kude kube ngoku. Ifakela ibhola encinci edadayo kwisiphelo esisezantsi somzimba womjelo womgangatho, kwaye isebenzisa uxinzelelo lwamanzi kunye noxinzelelo lomoya kumbhobho welindle ukuze imelane nebhola ukuze ivalwe ngokupheleleyo nge-drain yomgangatho, ngaloo ndlela Dlala indima ye-deodorization, into yokugxotha izinambuzane kunye nokunqanda ukuphuphuma.

Ziziphi izixhobo ze-hardware ezibandakanya

Izixhobo zombane zasekhaya ikakhulu zibhekisa kwizixhobo zombane ezenziwe ngentsimbi, kubandakanywa ihardware, ihardware yemihla ngemihla, ihardware yokwakha, iinxalenye zehardware, izixhobo zokhuseleko, njl.njl., apho ihardware ibhekisa kwizikhonkwane, izikrufu, izitshixo, imithombo, njl. njl., izixhobo zemihla ngemihla zineSikere. , iinaliti ze-embroidery, ii-architectural hardware ezibandakanya ii-bolts zeminyango, izitshixo zeengcango, i-anti-theft chain, izitovu, njl.

Ziziphi iintlobo zezixhobo ze-hardware

Izixhobo zombane zasekhaya zibhekisa kwizixhobo zombane ezenziwe ngegolide, isilivere, i-aluminiyam, itoti, ubhedu, intsimbi nezinye iintsimbi. Ubukhulu becala bohlulwe ngokweendidi ezimbini, kubandakanywa izixhobo zombane, izibane, iisokethi, iiswitshi, ii-capacitors, ii-reactors, resistors, njl. .

Izixhobo zasekhaya ze-Hardware zohlulwe zibe ziindidi ezimbini: izixhobo zombane kunye nezixhobo zombane. Phakathi kwabo, i-hardware ikwabizwa ngokuba yi-hardware, ebhekisela kwiimveliso ze-hardware ngokwengqiqo yendabuko, njengeemela zetsimbi, amakrele kunye nezixhobo zokugcina.

Uluhlu lwezixhobo ze-hardware kuluntu lwanamhlanje lubanzi kakhulu, lwahlulahlulwe kakhulu kwizixhobo ze-hardware, iinxalenye ze-hardware, i-hardware yemihla ngemihla, i-hardware yokwakha, izixhobo zokhuseleko, njl. kunye ne-architectural hardware ibhekisa kwizitshixo zeengcango. , iibholiti zomnyango kunye nezinye izixhobo zetsimbi.