Abstract: The rotational stiffness of the zero-stiffness flexible hinge is approximately zero, which overcomes the defect that ordinary flexible hinges require driving torque, and can be applied to flexible grippers and other fields. Taking the inner and outer ring flexible hinges under the action of pure torque as the positive stiffness subsystem, the research Negative stiffness mechanism and matching positive and negative stiffness can construct zero stiffness flexible hinge. Propose a negative stiffness rotation mechanism——Crank spring mechanism, modeled and analyzed its negative stiffness characteristics; by matching positive and negative stiffness, analyzed the influence of structural parameters of crank spring mechanism on zero stiffness quality; proposed a linear spring with customizable stiffness and size——Diamond-shaped leaf spring string, the stiffness model was established and the finite element simulation verification was carried out; finally, the design, processing and testing of a compact zero-stiffness flexible hinge sample were completed. The test results showed that: under the action of pure torque,±18°In the range of rotation angles, the rotational stiffness of the zero-stiffness flexible hinge is 93% lower than that of the inner and outer ring flexible hinges on average. The constructed zero-stiffness flexible hinge has a compact structure and high-quality zero-stiffness; the proposed negative-stiffness rotation mechanism and the linear The spring has great reference value for the study of flexible mechanism.

0 Preface

Flexible hinge (bearing)

^[1-2]

Relying on the elastic deformation of the flexible unit to transmit or convert motion, force and energy, it has been widely used in precision positioning and other fields. Compared with traditional rigid bearings, there is a restoring moment when the flexible hinge rotates. Therefore, the drive unit needs to provide output torque to drive and Keep the rotation of the flexible hinge. Zero stiffness flexible hinge

^[3]

(Zero stiffness flexural pivot, ZSFP) is a flexible rotary joint whose rotational stiffness is approximately zero. This type of flexible hinge can stay at any position within the stroke range, also known as static balance flexible hinge

^[4]

, are mostly used in fields such as flexible grippers.

Based on the modular design concept of the flexible mechanism, the entire zero-stiffness flexible hinge system can be divided into two subsystems of positive and negative stiffness, and the zero-stiffness system can be realized through the matching of positive and negative stiffness

^[5]

. Among them, the positive stiffness subsystem is usually a large-stroke flexible hinge, such as a cross-reed flexible hinge

^[6-7]

, generalized three-cross reed flexible hinge

^[8-9]

and inner and outer ring flexible hinges

^[10-11]

etc. At present, the research on flexible hinges has achieved a lot of results, therefore, the key to design zero-stiffness flexible hinges is to match suitable negative stiffness modules for flexible hinges[3].

Inner and outer ring flexible hinges (Inner and outer ring flexural pivots, IORFP) have excellent characteristics in terms of stiffness, precision and temperature drift. The matching negative stiffness module provides the construction method of the zero-stiffness flexible hinge, and finally, completes the design, sample processing and testing of the zero-stiffness flexible hinge.

1 crank spring mechanism

1.1 Definition of negative stiffness

The general definition of stiffness K is the rate of change between the load F borne by the elastic element and the corresponding deformation dx

K= dF/dx (1)

When the load increment of the elastic element is opposite to the sign of the corresponding deformation increment, it is negative stiffness. Physically, the negative stiffness corresponds to the static instability of the elastic element

^[12]

.Negative stiffness mechanisms play an important role in the field of flexible static balance. Usually, negative stiffness mechanisms have the following characteristics.

(1) The mechanism reserves a certain amount of energy or undergoes a certain deformation.

(2) The mechanism is in a critical instability state.

(3) When the mechanism is slightly disturbed and leaves the equilibrium position, it can release a larger force, which is in the same direction as the movement.

1.2 Construction principle of zero-stiffness flexible hinge

The zero-stiffness flexible hinge can be constructed by using positive and negative stiffness matching, and the principle is shown in Figure 2.

(1) Under the action of pure torque, the inner and outer ring flexible hinges have an approximately linear torque-rotation angle relationship, as shown in Figure 2a. Especially, when the intersection point is located at 12.73% of the reed length, the torque-rotation angle relationship is linear

^[11]

, at this time, the restoring moment Mpivot (clockwise direction) of the flexible hinge is related to the bearing rotation angleθ(counterclockwise) the relationship is

Mpivot=(8EI/L)θ (2)

In the formula, E is the elastic modulus of the material, L is the length of the reed, and I is the moment of inertia of the section.

(2) According to the rotational stiffness model of the inner and outer ring flexible hinges, the negative stiffness rotating mechanism is matched, and its negative stiffness characteristics are shown in Figure 2b.

(3) In view of the instability of the negative stiffness mechanism

^[12]

, the stiffness of the zero-stiffness flexible hinge should be approximately zero and greater than zero, as shown in Figure 2c.

1.3 Definition of crank spring mechanism

According to literature [4], a zero-stiffness flexible hinge can be constructed by introducing a pre-deformed spring between the moving rigid body and the fixed rigid body of the flexible hinge. For the inner and outer ring flexible hinge shown in FIG. 1, a spring is introduced between the inner ring and the outer ring, I .e., a spring-crank mechanisms (SCM) is introduced. Referring to the crank slider mechanism shown in Figure 3, the related parameters of the crank spring mechanism are shown in Figure 4. The crank-spring mechanism is composed of a crank and a spring (set stiffness as k). the initial angle is the included angle between the crank AB and the base AC when the spring is not deformed. R represents the crank length, l represents the base length, and defines the crank length ratio as the ratio of r to l, I .e. = r/l (0<<1).

The construction of the crank-spring mechanism requires the determination of 4 parameters: the base length l, the crank length ratio , the initial angle and the spring stiffness K.

The deformation of the crank spring mechanism under force is shown in Figure 5a, at the moment M

_γ

Under the action, the crank moves from the initial position AB

_Beta

turn to AB

_γ

, during the rotation process, the included angle of the crank relative to the horizontal position

_γ

called the crank angle.

Qualitative analysis shows that the crank rotates from AB (initial position, M & gamma; Zero) to AB0 (“dead point”location, M

_γ

is zero), the crank-spring mechanism has a deformation with negative stiffness characteristics.

1.4 The relationship between torque and rotation angle of crank spring mechanism

In Fig. 5, the torque M & gamma; clockwise is positive, the crank angle & gamma; counterclockwise is positive, and the moment load M is modeled and analyzed below.

_γ

with crank angle

_γ

The relationship between the modeling process is dimensioned.

As shown in Figure 5b, the torque balance equation for crank AB & gamma is listed.

In the formula, F & gamma; is the spring restoring force, d & gamma; is F & gamma; to point A. Assume that the displacement-load relation of the spring is

In the formula, K is the spring stiffness (not necessarily a constant value),δ

xγ

is the amount of spring deformation (shortened to positive),δ

xγ

=|B

_Beta

C| – |B

_γ

C|.

Simultaneous type (3)(5), moment M

_γ

with corner

_γ

The relationship is

1.5 Analysis of the negative stiffness characteristics of the crank-spring mechanism

In order to facilitate the analysis of the negative stiffness characteristics of the crank-spring mechanism (moment M

_γ

with corner

_γ

relationship), it may be assumed that the spring has a linear positive stiffness, then formula (4) can be rewritten as

In the formula, Kconst is a constant greater than zero. After the size of the flexible hinge is determined, the length l of the base is also determined. Therefore, assuming that l is a constant, formula (6) can be rewritten as

where Kconstl2 is a constant greater than zero, and the moment coefficient m & gamma; has a dimension of one. The negative stiffness characteristics of the crank-spring mechanism can be obtained by analyzing the relationship between the torque coefficient m & gamma; and the rotation angle & gamma.

From equation (9), Figure 6 shows the initial angle =π relationship between m & gamma; and crank length ratio and rotation angle & gamma;, & isin;[0.1, 0.9],& gamma;& isin;[0, π]. Figure 7 shows the relationship between m & gamma; and rotation angle & gamma; for = 0.2 and different . Figure 8 shows =π When, under different , the relationship between m & gamma; and angle & gamma.

According to the definition of crank spring mechanism (section 1.3) and formula (9), when k and l are constant, m & gamma; Only related to angle & gamma;, crank length ratio and crank initial angle .

(1) If and only if & gamma; is equal to 0 orπ or ,m & gamma; is equal to zero; & gamma; & isin;[0, ],m & gamma; is greater than zero; & gamma; & isin;[,π],m & gamma; less than zero. & isin;[0, ],m & gamma; is greater than zero; & gamma;& isin;[,π],m & gamma; less than zero.

(2) & gamma; When [0, ], the rotation angle & gamma; increases, m & gamma; increases from zero to the inflection point angle & gamma;0 takes the maximum value m & gamma;max, and then gradually decreases.

(3) The negative stiffness characteristic range of the crank spring mechanism: & gamma;& isin;[0, & gamma;0], at this time & gamma; increases (counterclockwise), and the torque M & gamma; increases (clockwise). The inflection point angle & gamma;0 is the maximum rotation angle of the negative stiffness characteristic of the crank-spring mechanism and & gamma;0 & isin;[0, ];m & gamma;max is the maximum negative moment coefficient. Given and , the derivation of equation (9) yields & gamma;0

(4) the larger the initial angle , & gamma; the larger 0, m

_γmax

bigger.

(5) the larger the length ratio , & gamma; the smaller 0, m

_γmax

bigger.

In particular, =πThe negative stiffness characteristics of the crank spring mechanism are the best (the negative stiffness angle range is large, and the torque that can be provided is large). =πAt the same time, under different conditions, the maximum rotation angle & gamma of the negative stiffness characteristic of the crank spring mechanism; 0 and the maximum negative torque coefficient m & gamma; Max is listed in table 1.

2 Construction of zero-stiffness flexible hinge

The matching of positive and negative stiffness of the 2.1 is shown in Figure 9, n(n 2) groups of parallel crank spring mechanisms are evenly distributed around the circumference, forming a negative stiffness mechanism matched with the inner and outer ring flexible hinges.

Using the inner and outer ring flexible hinges as the positive stiffness subsystem, construct a zero-stiffness flexible hinge. In order to achieve zero stiffness, match the positive and negative stiffness

simultaneous (2), (3), (6), (11), and & gamma;=θ, the load F & gamma of the spring can be obtained; and displacementδThe relationship of x & gamma; is

According to section 1.5, the negative stiffness angle range of the crank spring mechanism: & gamma;& isin;[0, & gamma;0] and & gamma;0 & isin;[0, ], the stroke of the zero stiffness flexible hinge shall be less than & gamma;0, I .e. the spring is always in a deformed state (δxγ≠0). The rotation range of the inner and outer ring flexible hinges is±0.35 rad(±20°), simplify the trigonometric functions sin & gamma; and cos & gamma; as follows

After simplification, the load-displacement relationship of the spring

2.2 Error analysis of positive and negative stiffness matching model

Evaluate the error caused by the simplified treatment of equation (13). According to the actual processing parameters of zero stiffness flexible hinge (Section 4.2):n = 3,l = 40mm, =π, = 0.2,E = 73 GPa; The dimensions of the inner and outer ring flexible hinge reed L = 46mm,T = 0.3mm,W = 9.4mm; The comparison formulas (12) and (14) simplify the load displacement relationship and relative error of the front and rear springs as shown in Figures 10a and 10b respectively.

As shown in Figure 10, & gamma; is less than 0.35 rad (20°), the relative error caused by the simplified treatment to the load-displacement curve does not exceed 2.0%, and the formula

The simplified treatment of (13) can be used to construct zero-stiffness flexible hinges.

2.3 Stiffness characteristics of the spring

Assuming the stiffness of the spring is K, the simultaneous (3), (6), (14)

According to the actual processing parameters of zero stiffness flexible hinge (Section 4.2), the change curve of spring stiffness K with angle & gamma; is shown in Figure 11. In particular, when & gamma;= 0, K takes the minimum value.

For the convenience of design and processing, the spring adopts a linear positive stiffness spring, and the stiffness is Kconst. In the whole stroke, if the total stiffness of the zero stiffness flexible hinge is greater than or equal to zero, Kconst should take the minimum value of K

Equation (16) is the stiffness value of the linear positive stiffness spring when constructing the zero stiffness flexible hinge. 2.4 Analysis of zero-stiffness quality The load-displacement relationship of the constructed zero-stiffness flexible hinge is

Simultaneous formula (2), (8), (16) can be obtained

In order to evaluate the quality of zero stiffness, the reduction range of flexible hinge stiffness before and after adding the negative stiffness module is defined as the zero stiffness quality coefficientη

η The closer to 100%, the higher the quality of zero stiffness. Figure 12 is 1-η Relationship with crank length ratio and initial angle η It is independent of the number n of parallel crank-spring mechanisms and the length l of the base, but only related to the crank length ratio , the rotation angle & gamma; and the initial angle .

(1) The initial angle increases and the zero stiffness quality improves.

(2) The length ratio increases and the zero stiffness quality decreases.

(3) Angle & gamma; increases, zero stiffness quality decreases.

In order to improve the zero stiffness quality of the zero stiffness flexible hinge, the initial angle should take a larger value; the crank length ratio should be as small as possible. At the same time, according to the analysis results in Section 1.5, if is too small, the ability of the crank-spring mechanism to provide negative stiffness will be weak. In order to improve the zero stiffness quality of the zero stiffness flexible hinge, the initial angle =π, crank length ratio = 0.2, that is, the actual processing parameters of section 4.2 zero stiffness flexible hinge.

According to the actual processing parameters of the zero-stiffness flexible hinge (Section 4.2), the torque-angle relationship between the inner and outer ring flexible hinges and the zero-stiffness flexible hinge is shown in Figure 13; the decrease in stiffness is the zero-stiffness quality coefficientηThe relationship with the corner & gamma; is shown in Figure 14. By Figure 14: In 0.35 rad (20°) rotation range, the stiffness of the zero-stiffness flexible hinge is reduced by an average of 97%; 0.26 rad(15°) corners, it is reduced by 95%.

3 Design of linear positive stiffness spring

The construction of zero stiffness flexible hinge is usually after the size and stiffness of the flexible hinge are determined, and then the stiffness of the spring in the crank spring mechanism is reversed, so the stiffness and size requirements of the spring are relatively strict. In addition, the initial angle =π, from Figure 5a, during the rotation of the zero-stiffness flexible hinge, the spring is always in a compressed state, that is“Compression spring”.

The stiffness and size of traditional compression springs are difficult to customize precisely, and a guide mechanism is often required in applications. Therefore, a spring whose stiffness and size can be customized is proposed——Diamond-shaped leaf spring string. The diamond-shaped leaf spring string (Figure 15) is composed of multiple diamond-shaped leaf springs connected in series. It has the characteristics of free structural design and high degree of customization. Its processing technology is consistent with that of flexible hinges, and both are processed by precision wire cutting.

3.1 Load-displacement model of diamond-shaped leaf spring string

Due to the symmetry of the rhombic leaf spring, only one leaf spring needs to be subjected to stress analysis, as shown in Figure 16. α is the angle between the reed and the horizontal, the length, width and thickness of the reed are Ld, Wd, Td respectively, f is the dimensionally unified load on the rhombus leaf spring,δy is the deformation of rhombic leaf spring in the y direction, force fy and moment m are equivalent loads on the end of a single reed, fv and fw are component forces of fy in the wov coordinate system.

According to the beam deformation theory of AWTAR[13], the dimensionally unified load-displacement relation of single reed

Due to the constraint relationship of the rigid body on the reed, the end angle of the reed before and after deformation is zero, that isθ = 0. Simultaneous (20)(22)

Equation (23) is the load-displacement dimensional unification model of rhombic leaf spring. n2 rhombic leaf springs are connected in series, and its load-displacement model is

From formula (24), whenαWhen d is small, the stiffness of the diamond-shaped leaf spring string is approximately linear under typical dimensions and typical loads.

3.2 Finite element simulation verification of the model

The finite element simulation verification of the load-displacement model of the diamond-shaped leaf spring is carried out. Using ANSYS Mechanical APDL 15.0, the simulation parameters are shown in Table 2, and a pressure of 8 N is applied to the diamond-shaped leaf spring.

The comparison between the model results and the simulation results of the rhombus leaf spring load-displacement relationship is shown in Fig. 17 (dimensionalization). For four rhombus leaf springs with different inclination angles, the relative error between the model and the finite element simulation results does not exceed 1.5%. The validity and accuracy of the model (24) has been verified.

4 Design and test of zero-stiffness flexible hinge

4.1 Parameter design of zero-stiffness flexible hinge

To design a zero-stiffness flexible hinge, the design parameters of the flexible hinge should be determined according to the service conditions first, and then the relevant parameters of the crank spring mechanism should be calculated inversely.

4.1.1 Flexible hinge parameters

The intersection point of the inner and outer ring flexible hinges is located at 12.73% of the reed length, and its parameters are shown in Table 3. Substituting into equation (2), the torque-rotation angle relationship of the inner and outer ring flexible hinges is

4.1.2 Negative stiffness mechanism parameters

As shown in fig. 18, taking the number n of crank spring mechanisms in parallel as 3, the length l = 40 mm is determined by the size of the flexible hinge. according to the conclusion of section 2.4, the initial angle =π, crank length ratio = 0.2. According to equation (16), the stiffness of the spring (I .e. diamond leaf spring string) is Kconst = 558.81 N/m (26)

4.1.3 Diamond leaf spring string parameters

by l = 40mm, =π, = 0.2, the original length of the spring is 48mm, and the maximum deformation (& gamma;= 0) is 16mm. Due to structural limitations, it is difficult for a single rhombus leaf spring to produce such a large deformation. Using four rhombus leaf springs in series (n2 = 4), the stiffness of a single rhombus leaf spring is

Kd=4Kconst=2235.2 N/m (27)

According to the size of the negative stiffness mechanism (Figure 18), given the reed length, width and reed inclination angle of the diamond-shaped leaf spring, the reed can be deduced from formula (23) and the stiffness formula (27) of the diamond-shaped leaf spring Thickness. The structural parameters of rhombus leaf springs are listed in Table 4.

surface4

In summary, the parameters of the zero-stiffness flexible hinge based on the crank spring mechanism have all been determined, as shown in Table 3 and Table 4.

4.2 Design and processing of the zero-stiffness flexible hinge sample Refer to literature [8] for the processing and testing method of the flexible hinge. The zero-stiffness flexible hinge is composed of a negative stiffness mechanism and an inner and outer ring flexible hinge in parallel. The structural design is shown in Figure 19.

Both the inner and outer ring flexible hinges and diamond-shaped leaf spring strings are processed by precision wire-cutting machine tools. The inner and outer ring flexible hinges are processed and assembled in layers. Figure 20 is the physical picture of three sets of diamond-shaped leaf spring strings, and Figure 21 is the assembled zero-stiffness The physical picture of the flexible hinge sample.

4.3 The rotational stiffness test platform of the zero-stiffness flexible hinge Referring to the rotational stiffness test method in [8], the rotational stiffness test platform of the zero-stiffness flexible hinge is built, as shown in Figure 22.

4.4 Experimental data processing and error analysis

The rotational stiffness of the inner and outer ring flexible hinges and zero-stiffness flexible hinges was tested on the test platform, and the test results are shown in Figure 23. Calculate and draw the zero-stiffness quality curve of the zero-stiffness flexible hinge according to formula (19), as shown in Fig. 24.

The test results show that the rotational stiffness of the zero-stiffness flexible hinge is close to zero. Compared with the inner and outer ring flexible hinges, the zero-stiffness flexible hinge±0.31 rad(18°) stiffness was reduced by an average of 93%; 0.26 rad (15°), the stiffness is reduced by 90%.

As shown in Figures 23 and 24, there is still a certain gap between the test results of the zero stiffness quality and the theoretical model results (the relative error is less than 15%), and the main reasons for the error are as follows.

(1) The model error caused by the simplification of trigonometric functions.

(2) Friction. There is friction between the diamond leaf spring string and the mounting shaft.

(3) Processing error. There are errors in the actual size of the reed, etc.

(4) Assembly error. The gap between the installation hole of the diamond-shaped leaf spring string and the shaft, the installation gap of the test platform device, etc.

4.5 Performance comparison with a typical zero-stiffness flexible hinge In literature [4], a zero-stiffness flexible hinge ZSFP_CAFP was constructed using a cross-axis flexural pivot (CAFP), as shown in Figure 25.

Comparison of the zero-stiffness flexible hinge ZSFP_IORFP (Fig. 21) and ZSFP_CAFP (Fig. 25) constructed using the inner and outer ring flexible hinges

(1) ZSFP_IORFP, the structure is more compact.

(2) The corner range of ZSFP_IORFP is small. The corner range is limited by the corner range of the flexible hinge itself; the corner range of ZSFP_CAFP80°, ZSFP_IORFP corner range40°.

(3) ±18°In the range of corners, ZSFP_IORFP has higher quality of zero stiffness. The average stiffness of ZSFP_CAFP is reduced by 87%, and the average stiffness of ZSFP_IORFP is reduced by 93%.

5 Conclusion

Taking the flexible hinge of the inner and outer rings under pure torque as the positive stiffness subsystem, the following work has been done in order to construct a zero-stiffness flexible hinge.

(1) Propose a negative stiffness rotation mechanism——For the crank spring mechanism, a model (Formula (6)) was established to analyze the influence of structural parameters on its negative stiffness characteristics, and the range of its negative stiffness characteristics was given (Table 1).

(2) By matching the positive and negative stiffnesses, the stiffness characteristics of the spring in the crank spring mechanism (Equation (16)) are obtained, and the model (Equation (19)) is established to analyze the effect of the structural parameters of the crank spring mechanism on the zero stiffness quality of the zero stiffness flexible hinge Influence, theoretically, within the available stroke of the flexible hinge of the inner and outer rings (±20°), the average reduction in stiffness can reach 97%.

(3) Propose a customizable stiffness“spring”——A diamond-shaped leaf spring string was established to establish its stiffness model (Equation (23)) and verified by finite element method.

(4) Completed the design, processing and testing of a compact zero-stiffness flexible hinge sample. The test results show that: under the action of pure torque, the36°In the range of rotation angles, compared with the inner and outer ring flexible hinges, the stiffness of the zero-stiffness flexible hinge is reduced by 93% on average.

The constructed zero-stiffness flexible hinge is only under the action of pure torque, which can realize“zero stiffness”, without considering the case of bearing complex loading conditions. Therefore, the construction of zero-stiffness flexible hinges under complex load conditions is the focus of further research. In addition, reducing the friction that exists during the movement of zero-stiffness flexible hinges is an important optimization direction for zero-stiffness flexible hinges.

references

[1] HOWELL L L. Compliant Mechanisms[M]. New York: John Wiley&Sons, Inc, 2001.

[2] Yu Jingjun, Pei Xu, Bi Shusheng, etc. Research progress on design methods of flexible hinge mechanism[J]. Chinese Journal of Mechanical Engineering, 2010, 46(13):2-13. Y u jin champion, PEI X U, BIS call, ETA up. State-of-arts of Design Method for Flexure Mechanisms[J]. Journal of Mechanical Engineering, 2010, 46(13):2-13.

[3] MORSCH F M, Herder J L. Design of a Generic Zero Stiffness Compliant Joint[C]// ASME International Design Engineering Conferences. 2010:427-435.

[4] MERRIAM E G, Howell L L. Non-dimensional approach for static balancing of rotational flexures[J]. Mechanism & Machine Theory, 2015, 84(84):90-98.

[5] HOETMER K, Woo G, Kim C, et al. Negative Stiffness Building Blocks for Statically Balanced Compliant Mechanisms: Design and Testing[J]. Journal of Mechanisms & Robotics, 2010, 2(4):041007.

[6] JENSEN B D, Howell L L. The modeling of cross-axis flexural pivots[J]. Mechanism and machine theory, 2002, 37(5):461-476.

[7] WITTRICK W H. The properties of crossed flexure pivots and the influence of the point at which the strips cross[J]. The Aeronautical Quarterly, 1951, II: 272-292.

[8] l IU l, BIS, yang Q, ETA. Design and experiment of generalized triple-cross-spring flexure pivots applied to the ultra-precision instruments[J]. Review of Scientific Instruments, 2014, 85(10): 105102.

[9] Yang Qizi, Liu Lang, Bi Shusheng, etc. Research on rotational stiffness characteristics of generalized three-cross reed flexible hinge[J]. Chinese Journal of Mechanical Engineering, 2015, 51(13): 189-195.

yang Q I word, l IU Lang, BIS voice, ETA. Rotational Stiffness Characterization of Generalized Triple-cross-spring Flexure Pivots[J]. Journal of Mechanical Engineering, 2015, 51(13):189-195.

[10] l IU l, Zhao H, BIS, ETA. Research of Performance Comparison of Topology Structure of Cross-Spring Flexural Pivots[C]// ASME 2014 International Design Engineering Technical Conferences and Computers and Information in Engineering Conference, August 17–20, 2014, Buffalo, New York, USA. ASME, 2014 : V05AT08A025.

[11] l IU l, BIS, yang Q. Stiffness characteristics of inner–outer ring flexure pivots applied to the ultra-precision instruments[J]. ARCHIVE Proceedings of the Institution of Mechanical Engineers Part C Journal of Mechanical Engineering Science 1989-1996 (vols 203-210), 2017:095440621772172.

[12] SANCHEZ J A G. Criteria for the Static Balancing of Compliant Mechanisms[C]// ASME 2010 International Design Engineering Technical Conferences and Computers and Information in Engineering Conference, August 15–18, 2010, Montreal, Quebec, Canada. ASME, 2010:465-473.

[13] AWTAR S, Sen S. A generalized constraint model for two-dimensional beam flexures: Nonlinear strain energy formulation[J]. Journal of Mechanical Design, 2010, 132: 81009.

About the author: Bi Shusheng (corresponding author), male, born in 1966, doctor, professor, doctoral supervisor. His main research direction is fully flexible mechanism and bionic robot.

Awọn ọja wo ni Wujinjiaodian pẹlu? Ṣe o mọ?

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2. Dawujin tọka si awọn abọ irin, awọn ọpa irin, irin alapin, irin igun gbogbo agbaye, irin ikanni, irin ti o ni apẹrẹ I ati awọn oriṣiriṣi awọn ohun elo irin, lakoko ti ohun elo n tọka si ohun elo ikole, awọn iwe tin, eekanna titiipa, okun irin, irin okun waya apapo. irin waya shears, Ile hardware, orisirisi irinṣẹ, ati be be lo. Ni awọn ofin ti iseda ati lilo ohun elo, o yẹ ki o pin si awọn ẹka mẹjọ: irin ati awọn ohun elo irin, awọn ohun elo irin ti kii ṣe irin, awọn ẹya ẹrọ, ohun elo gbigbe, awọn irinṣẹ iranlọwọ, awọn irinṣẹ iṣẹ, ohun elo ikole, ati ohun elo ile.

Iru awọn nkan wo ni o wa ninu hardware ati ẹrọ itanna?

Electromechanical Hardware pẹlu aga ohun elo, awọn irinṣẹ ina, ati bẹbẹ lọ. jẹmọ si hardware. Hardware n tọka si wura, fadaka, bàbà, irin, tin, ati ni gbogbogbo tọka si irin

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Gbogbo wa mọ pe ọpọlọpọ awọn nkan lo wa ninu awọn ile itaja ohun elo, ati pe ipari ti agbegbe tun tobi pupọ. Ni afikun si diẹ ninu awọn irinṣẹ ti o wọpọ, diẹ ninu awọn ẹrọ ati awọn ohun itanna tun wa. Sibẹsibẹ, ti o ba ti o ba fẹ lati ra, o gbọdọ ka Kini awọn Erongba ti electromechanical hardware, ati awọn ti o jẹ tun pataki lati mọ ohun ti o wa ni classifications ti electromechanical hardware, ki a le yan ni ibamu si awọn iru.

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2. Kini itanna eletiriki?

Gẹgẹbi orukọ naa ṣe tumọ si, itanna eletiriki jẹ ẹrọ itanna, eyiti o tọka si kilasi awọn ọja ti o ni ibatan si ẹrọ ati ina.

Electromechanical hardware classification?

Awọn irinṣẹ ohun elo, awọn ẹya ẹrọ ohun elo, ohun elo ikole, ohun elo ojoojumọ, awọn titiipa ati awọn abrasives, ibi idana ounjẹ ati ohun elo baluwe, ohun elo aga, awọn ohun elo ohun elo, awọn ohun elo alurinmorin fun awọn ẹrọ alurinmorin, awọn ohun elo itanna, awọn okun waya ati awọn kebulu, awọn ohun elo ina, awọn irinṣẹ ati awọn mita, ohun elo aabo ati awọn ipese, ẹrọ ati ẹrọ itanna, ohun elo ẹrọ ati awọn ohun elo ohun elo.

1. Hardware irinṣẹ

Ntọkasi ọrọ gbogbogbo fun ọpọlọpọ awọn ẹrọ irin ti a ṣe ti irin, irin, aluminiomu ati awọn irin miiran nipasẹ sisọ, yiyi, gige ati awọn iṣelọpọ ti ara miiran. O ni ibiti o gbooro ati ọpọlọpọ awọn ọja. O ti pin si awọn ẹka 12 gẹgẹbi lilo ati ẹka ohun elo.

Awọn irinṣẹ ohun elo pẹlu ọpọlọpọ awọn afọwọṣe, ina, pneumatic, awọn irinṣẹ gige, awọn irinṣẹ itọju adaṣe, awọn irinṣẹ ogbin, awọn irinṣẹ gbigbe, awọn irinṣẹ wiwọn, awọn irinṣẹ ẹrọ, awọn irinṣẹ gige, awọn imuduro, awọn ọbẹ, awọn apẹrẹ, awọn irinṣẹ gige, awọn kẹkẹ lilọ, awọn adaṣe, awọn ẹrọ didan, Ọpa ẹya ẹrọ, wiwọn irinṣẹ, abrasives, ati be be lo.

2. Hardware ẹya ẹrọ

Awọn ẹya ẹrọ ohun elo tọka si awọn ẹya ẹrọ tabi awọn paati ti a ṣe ti hardware, bakanna bi diẹ ninu awọn ọja ohun elo kekere. O le ṣee lo nikan tabi bi ohun elo iranlọwọ. Fun apẹẹrẹ, awọn irinṣẹ ohun elo, awọn ẹya ohun elo, ohun elo ojoojumọ, ohun elo ikole ati awọn ipese aabo, ati bẹbẹ lọ. Awọn ọja ohun elo kekere Pupọ ninu wọn kii ṣe awọn ẹru olumulo ipari. Wọn n ṣe atilẹyin awọn ọja, awọn ọja ti o pari-opin ati awọn irinṣẹ ti a lo ninu ilana iṣelọpọ, ati bẹbẹ lọ. fun iṣelọpọ ile-iṣẹ. Nikan apakan kekere ti awọn ọja ohun elo ojoojumọ (awọn ẹya ẹrọ) jẹ awọn ẹru olumulo irinṣẹ pataki fun igbesi aye eniyan.

3. hardware ikole

Ohun elo ayaworan jẹ ọrọ gbogbogbo fun irin ati awọn ọja ti kii ṣe irin ati awọn ẹya ẹrọ ti a lo ninu awọn ile tabi awọn ẹya. Ni gbogbogbo, o ni awọn ipa meji ti ilowo ati ohun ọṣọ.

4. Daily hardware

Ohun elo lilo ojoojumọ n tọka si awọn ọja ohun elo ti a lo ninu igbesi aye ojoojumọ gẹgẹbi jijẹ, wọ, gbigbe ati lilo. O ti wa ni okeene ṣe ti irin ohun elo. Irin ati ikoko idẹ, awokòto, ọbẹ, scissors, abere, epo atupa, ati be be lo. ni o wa ojoojumọ-lilo hardware ọja awọn ọna šiše.

5. Idana ati baluwe hardware

Lati pẹlu awọn silinda iresi, awọn agbọn irin, awọn mitari, awọn irin-ajo ifaworanhan, awọn isunmọ ọkọ ofurufu, awọn mimu

6. Furniture hardware

Ohun elo ohun elo n tọka si awọn ohun elo ohun elo ti ohun elo ohun elo tabi awọn irin ifaworanhan, awọn isunmọ, awọn ẹsẹ sofa, awọn agbega, awọn ẹhin, awọn orisun omi, awọn eekanna ibon, awọn koodu ẹsẹ, awọn asopọ, awọn iṣẹ ṣiṣe, awọn asomọ, awọn agbọn fa, awọn ohun ọṣọ lori awọn ẹya irin aga pẹlu awọn iṣẹ miiran, tun mọ bi aga ẹya ẹrọ. Ni kutukutu akoko orisun omi ati Igba Irẹdanu Ewe ati Akoko Awọn ipinlẹ Ija ni Ilu China, awọn isunmọ bàbà wa fun awọn apoti ohun ọṣọ, awọn igun fun awọn ọran lacquered, awọn ẹya bàbà ti a fi goolu ṣe fun awọn ẹsẹ, ati awọn oruka apoti idẹ.

Lẹhin ifihan ti o wa loke, Mo loye nipataki kini awọn imọran ti ohun elo eletiriki. Ninu nkan naa, kini ohun elo ati kini itanna eletiriki, Mo fun ọ ni ifihan. Ti a ba fẹ ra, a le kọkọ wo ero rẹ. Lẹhinna o le mọ boya o nilo iru nkan yii, ti o ba nilo rẹ, o le ra, ati, ninu nkan naa, o tun mọ kini isọdi ti ohun elo eletiriki jẹ.

Hardware electromechanical classification ti hardware electromechanical

Awọn irinṣẹ ohun elo, awọn ẹya ẹrọ ohun elo, ohun elo ikole, ohun elo ojoojumọ, awọn titiipa ati awọn abrasives, ibi idana ounjẹ ati ohun elo baluwe, ohun elo aga, awọn ohun elo ohun elo, awọn ohun elo alurinmorin fun awọn ẹrọ alurinmorin, awọn ohun elo itanna, awọn okun waya ati awọn kebulu, awọn ohun elo ina, awọn irinṣẹ ati awọn mita, ohun elo aabo ati awọn ipese, ẹrọ ati ẹrọ itanna, ohun elo ẹrọ ati awọn ohun elo ohun elo. Ntọkasi ọrọ gbogbogbo fun ọpọlọpọ awọn ẹrọ irin ti a ṣe ti irin, irin, aluminiomu ati awọn irin miiran nipasẹ sisọ, yiyi, gige ati awọn iṣelọpọ ti ara miiran. O ni ibiti o gbooro ati ọpọlọpọ awọn ọja. O ti pin si awọn ẹka 12 gẹgẹbi lilo ati ẹka ohun elo.

Awọn irinṣẹ ohun elo pẹlu ọpọlọpọ awọn afọwọṣe, ina, pneumatic, awọn irinṣẹ gige, awọn irinṣẹ itọju adaṣe, awọn irinṣẹ ogbin, awọn irinṣẹ gbigbe, awọn irinṣẹ wiwọn, awọn irinṣẹ ẹrọ, awọn irinṣẹ gige, awọn imuduro, awọn ọbẹ, awọn apẹrẹ, awọn irinṣẹ gige, awọn kẹkẹ lilọ, awọn adaṣe, awọn ẹrọ didan, Ọpa ẹya ẹrọ, wiwọn irinṣẹ, abrasives, ati be be lo. Hardware ati awọn ọja eletiriki nilo lati ni ibamu nigbagbogbo si awọn ayipada ninu awọn ofin idagbasoke ọja. Lọwọlọwọ, ọpọlọpọ awọn ọja jẹ ifigagbaga pupọ. Mu awọn apẹrẹ bi apẹẹrẹ, ipin ọja inu ile ti awọn apẹrẹ kekere-opin kọja 99%. Sibẹsibẹ, idije idiyele ọja jẹ pataki ati awọn ala ere jẹ kekere pupọ. Awọn apẹrẹ ti o ga julọ Ere naa ga ṣugbọn 80% da lori awọn agbewọle lati ilu okeere. Ṣugbọn ọpọlọpọ awọn ile-iṣẹ ti ṣe akiyesi eyi ati bẹrẹ lati ṣe awọn imudojuiwọn imọ-ẹrọ ati iwadii ĭdàsĭlẹ ọja ati idagbasoke. Ni ọjọ iwaju, ohun elo ati ile-iṣẹ itanna yoo lọ siwaju si akoko ti idije imọ-ẹrọ dipo idije idiyele.

Ni lọwọlọwọ, awọn iṣowo ohun elo ati awọn iṣowo ile-iṣẹ itanna jẹ ogidi julọ ni awọn ọja osunwon ti awọn ilu nla. Gbigba Chengdu gẹgẹbi apẹẹrẹ, ọpọlọpọ awọn ohun elo ati awọn ọja itanna wa ni agbegbe Jinfu Road, gẹgẹbi Wanguan, Jinfu, Oorun, ati Ilu Irin. Agbegbe iṣowo bilionu. Sibẹsibẹ, iru osunwon ọja ti ara yii jẹ diẹ sii ati siwaju sii infilt nipasẹ Intanẹẹti. Lọwọlọwọ, ọpọlọpọ awọn oju opo wẹẹbu nla ti bẹrẹ lati ṣeto awọn ọja ori ayelujara fun ohun elo ati ile-iṣẹ itanna. Botilẹjẹpe osunwon ti ọja ti ara tun jẹ ojulowo, ṣugbọn ni awọn ofin ti hardware ati awọn ile-iṣẹ awọn ọja eletiriki ṣi osunwon Ọja naa n tẹle Intanẹẹti, ati idagbasoke iwaju yoo dagba ipo kan nibiti awọn aaye ibanisọrọ ori ayelujara ati offline jẹ idaji ọrun. Ọja aisinipo ni ifarahan lati yipada si awọn ilu kekere ati alabọde.

Awọn ohun elo itanna hardware tọka si awọn ohun elo itanna ti a ṣe ti wura, fadaka, bàbà, irin, aluminiomu, tin ati awọn ohun elo irin miiran.

Awọn ohun elo ohun elo ti o wọpọ julọ pẹlu awọn ipese agbara, awọn atupa itanna, awọn iho itanna, awọn iyipada itanna, awọn asopọ itanna, awọn paati irin gẹgẹbi awọn resistors, capacitors, reactors, bbl

Hardware: awọn ọja ohun elo ibile, ti a tun mọ ni “hardware”. O tọka si awọn irin marun: wura, fadaka, bàbà, irin, ati tin. Lẹhin sisẹ afọwọṣe, o le ṣe si awọn ọbẹ, idà ati awọn iṣẹ ọna miiran tabi awọn ẹrọ irin. Hardware ni awujọ ode oni jẹ gbooro sii, gẹgẹbi awọn irinṣẹ ohun elo, awọn ẹya ohun elo, ohun elo ojoojumọ, ohun elo ikole ati awọn ipese aabo, ati bẹbẹ lọ. Pupọ julọ awọn ọja ohun elo kekere kii ṣe awọn ẹru olumulo ikẹhin.

Alaye ti o gbooro sii:

Išẹ ilana:

Ntọkasi awọn ohun-ini wọnyẹn ti agbara ohun elo lati koju ọpọlọpọ sisẹ ati mimu.

Simẹnti išẹ: Ntọka si diẹ ninu awọn ohun-ini imọ-ẹrọ ti boya irin tabi alloy dara fun simẹnti, nipataki pẹlu iṣẹ ṣiṣe ṣiṣan, agbara lati kun mimu; isunki, agbara lati dinku iwọn didun ti simẹnti nigba ti o mu; Iyapa n tọka si inhomogeneity ti akojọpọ kemikali.

Iṣẹ ṣiṣe alurinmorin: tọka si awọn abuda ti awọn ohun elo irin meji tabi diẹ sii ti wa ni papọ nipasẹ alapapo tabi alapapo ati alurinmorin titẹ, ati wiwo le pade idi ti lilo.

Išẹ apakan gaasi oke: tọka si iṣẹ ti awọn ohun elo irin ti o le koju ibinu laisi fifọ.

Iṣe titọ tutu: tọka si agbara awọn ohun elo irin lati koju atunse laisi fifọ ni iwọn otutu yara. Iwọn titọ ni gbogbogbo ni a fihan nipasẹ ipin ti igun titọ (igun ita) tabi iwọn ila opin aarin d si sisanra ohun elo a, ti o tobi ju tabi kere d/a jẹ, dara julọ ohun-ini atunse tutu ti ohun elo naa.

Išẹ titẹ: agbara ti awọn ohun elo irin lati koju abuku stamping laisi fifọ. Stamping ni yara otutu ni a npe ni tutu stamping. Ọna ayẹwo jẹ idanwo nipasẹ idanwo cupping.

Išẹ ṣiṣe: agbara ti awọn ohun elo irin lati koju ibajẹ ṣiṣu laisi fifọ lakoko sisọ.

Ohun ti o jẹ hardware, electromechanical, ikole hardware, hardware ohun elo, ise hardware

Electromechanical hardware jẹ ọrọ gbogbogbo, pẹlu ohun elo ohun elo, awọn irinṣẹ ina ati awọn ohun elo iṣelọpọ ti o ni ibatan hardware ati awọn ọja laarin opin rẹ. Hardware n tọka si wura, fadaka, bàbà, irin, tin, ati ni gbogbogbo tọka si irin. Ohun elo oni ni a lo nigbagbogbo bi irin Tabi orukọ apapọ ti awọn ọja bii bàbà ati irin. Electromechanical jẹ ẹrọ itanna darí, eyiti o tọka si kilasi awọn ọja ti o ni ibatan si ẹrọ ati ina.

Ohun elo ayaworan bẹrẹ lati awọn idanileko iṣẹ ọwọ gẹgẹbi awọn ile itaja alagbẹdẹ, awọn ile itaja alagbẹdẹ, ati awọn ile itaja tinsmith. Ilu China ni awọn idanileko ṣiṣe eekanna ni Ijọba Tang, ati awọn eekanna, awọn boluti ilẹkun, awọn titiipa, awọn olukun ilẹkun, ati bẹbẹ lọ. ti a ṣe nipasẹ ọwọ. Bibẹẹkọ, nitori awọn ile atijọ julọ lo igi Ati igbekalẹ okuta, ohun elo ayaworan ti ni idagbasoke laiyara ni ẹgbẹẹgbẹrun ọdun sẹhin. Lẹhin ọdun 19th, pẹlu lilo ibigbogbo ti awọn ohun elo irin ati awọn iwulo ti igbesi aye awujọ, ohun elo ti ayaworan ti ni idagbasoke ni iyara, ati ọpọlọpọ awọn eekanna irin iṣelọpọ, awọn isunmọ, Awọn ile-iṣelọpọ kekere tabi awọn idanileko fun awọn boluti, awọn kio window, awọn ẹya àtọwọdá faucet, window wiwun okun waya. iboju, ati be be lo. Lẹ́yìn náà, a ti lo ohun èlò ìṣiṣẹ́ ẹ̀rọ díẹ̀díẹ̀ dípò tí a fi ọwọ́ ṣe, ní dídá àwọn ilé iṣẹ́ amọ̀ràn púpọ̀ sílẹ̀. Pẹlu ilọsiwaju lemọlemọfún ti ọpọlọpọ awọn iṣedede awọn ohun elo ile ti o ni ilọsiwaju, awọn ọja ohun elo ayaworan ode oni ti ni idagbasoke lati oriṣi ẹyọkan si serialization, ati awọn ibeere fun ẹwa wọn ati awọn ipa ohun ọṣọ ti n ga ati ga julọ. Imọ-ẹrọ iṣelọpọ ti awọn ọja ohun elo ayaworan tun ti ni ilọsiwaju nla. Pupọ julọ awọn ọja naa ti yipada lati ipilẹṣẹ ologbele-ọwọ atilẹba, iṣiṣẹ ologbele-ẹrọ ti ni idagbasoke sinu ologbele-laifọwọyi tabi iṣelọpọ laini apejọ adaṣe adaṣe ni kikun. Awọn ohun elo ti a lo ninu ohun elo ti ayaworan ni a ti fẹ lati awọn ohun elo bàbà ibile ati awọn irin-kekere erogba si awọn alloy zinc, awọn ohun elo aluminiomu, irin alagbara, irin ṣiṣu, irin gilasi ati awọn ohun elo akojọpọ oriṣiriṣi. .

Nibẹ ni o wa ọpọlọpọ awọn iru ti ayaworan hardware. Ni gbogbogbo, wọn le pin si awọn ẹka marun: ilẹkun ati ohun elo window, ohun elo fifin, ohun elo ohun ọṣọ, awọn ọja ohun elo àlàfo siliki ati ohun elo idana.

Ohun elo ilekun ati window jẹ ọrọ gbogbogbo fun ọpọlọpọ irin ati awọn ohun elo ti kii ṣe irin ti a fi sori awọn ilẹkun ati awọn window ti awọn ile. Gẹgẹbi idi naa, o pin si awọn titiipa ilẹkun ile, awọn mu, awọn àmúró, awọn mitari, awọn ilẹkun ilẹkun, awọn ọwọ, awọn boluti, awọn iwo window, awọn ẹwọn ole jija, ṣiṣi ilẹkun ati ẹrọ pipade, bbl

Ohun elo Plumbing jẹ ọrọ gbogbogbo fun ohun elo ti a lo ninu kikọ ipese omi ati awọn eto idominugere, awọn eto alapapo ati awọn ile-igbọnsẹ. O maa n pẹlu awọn faucets, awọn iwẹ, omi ti n ṣubu, awọn ẹya ẹrọ igbonse, awọn ẹya ẹrọ igbonse, awọn ẹya ẹrọ ifọwọra ifọwọra, awọn falifu, awọn asopọ paipu ati awọn ile-igbọnsẹ. miiran hardware.

Ohun elo ohun ọṣọ jẹ ọrọ gbogbogbo fun awọn ohun ọṣọ ọṣọ ati awọn ọja ti a lo ninu ati awọn ile ita. Wọn nigbagbogbo ni lilo mejeeji ati awọn iṣẹ aabo. Awọn orule irin ni idapo ni akọkọ wa, awọn ipin irọrun iwuwo fẹẹrẹ, ati awọn panẹli ohun ọṣọ irin.

Awọn ọja ohun elo eekanna eekanna waya jẹ pupọ julọ ti erogba, irin tabi awọn irin ti kii ṣe irin. O jẹ ọrọ gbogbogbo fun ọpọlọpọ okun waya, eekanna, awọn neti ati awọn ọja apapo. O ti wa ni o gbajumo ni lilo ninu ikole ise agbese bi awọn ile.

Awọn waya ti wa ni tutu-ya ati ki o yiyi lati erogba irin tabi ti kii-ferrous irin, ati ki o ni orisirisi sisanra ni pato. O ti pin ni akọkọ si okun waya galvanized, irin alagbara irin waya ati okun waya pataki irin. Galvanized iron waya: tun mo bi galvanized kekere-carbon, irin waya, ti wa ni tutu-kale Awọn dada ti irin waya ti wa ni ti a bo pẹlu kan zinc Layer. O ti wa ni lilo pupọ ni wiwakọ, odi, atunṣe ti o ta, netiwọki weaving, weaving sieve, hoop ati wire wire, iṣakoso iṣan omi, ikole, atunṣe Afara ati awọn iṣẹ ikole lilu daradara ati awọn laini ibaraẹnisọrọ Teligirafu ti ori oke gẹgẹbi awọn tẹlifoonu, igbohunsafefe okun, ati bẹbẹ lọ. Awọn okun meji ti okun waya irin galvanized ti o ni iyipo pẹlu ara wọn ati okun waya igi ti o ni igi pẹlu awọn ẹgún (Nọmba 1), ni a lo ni pataki lati ṣeto awọn ohun elo igbeja ni ayika awọn agbegbe ihamọ ologun tabi awọn ile-iṣelọpọ pataki ati awọn ile itaja. Okun irin alagbara: awọn ohun-ini ẹrọ ti o dara julọ, resistance otutu otutu, resistance ipata ti o dara, ti a lo ni lilo pupọ fun hihun awọn okun waya, ti a lo ni ọpọlọpọ awọn ohun elo, awọn ohun elo ile, iṣoogun ati awọn ohun elo imototo, kemikali ati ẹrọ ounjẹ. Okun irin pataki: Awọn ọja ti o wọpọ pẹlu okun waya mojuto irin, okun waya irin nickel-palara, okun waya Dumet, okun waya Ejò yika, ati bẹbẹ lọ, eyiti o jẹ lilo pupọ ni ile-iṣẹ orisun ina ina. hardware ikole

Eekanna ti wa ni punch lati kekere-erogba irin onirin tabi Ejò ati aluminiomu onirin. Wọn ti wa ni lilo lati so igi ati awọn miiran okun awọn ọja. Awọn eekanna ni awọn ẹya mẹta: ori eekanna, àlàfo àlàfo ati ipari eekanna. Awọn oriṣi eekanna mẹta wa fun bata ati eekanna pataki. Eekanna fun ikole: awọn ọja pẹlu eekanna irin yika, awọn eekanna rilara, eekanna gàárì, eekanna corrugated, corrugated skru ati alapin-ni ori eekanna Ejò yika, ati be be lo. (Aworan 2). O le ṣee lo lati kan awọn apoti onigi, aga, awọn afara onigi, awọn irinṣẹ iṣẹ-ogbin, ati bẹbẹ lọ. Eekanna fun ṣiṣe bata: awọn ọja naa pẹlu eekanna bata lasan (awọn eekanna alawọ Igba Irẹdanu Ewe), eekanna sesame, eekanna ẹja, eekanna irin yika fun bata alawọ, ati bẹbẹ lọ, ti a lo fun sisọ awọn bata Aṣọ, bata alawọ, ati bẹbẹ lọ. ti wa ni tun increasingly lo ninu awọn ile. Awọn eekanna pataki: awọn ọja pẹlu eekanna irin yika fun sisọ, eekanna irin simenti ati eekanna lilọ taya, ati bẹbẹ lọ. hardware ikole

Àwọ̀n náà jẹ́ híhun láti inú okun waya irin tàbí okun waya tí kì í ṣe irin, tàbí tí a fi pákó gún láti inú dì irin. O kun pẹlu iboju window, apapo irin ti o gbooro ati apapo okun waya galvanized ti o gbona. Iboju window: aṣọ siliki ti a hun pẹlu irin waya tabi okun waya ti kii ṣe irin .Ti a fi sori awọn ilẹkun inu ile gbogbogbo ati awọn window, awọn ilẹkun minisita ounjẹ ati awọn ideri eiyan ounjẹ lati ṣe idiwọ ikọlu ti awọn fo, awọn ẹfọn ati awọn kokoro ti n fo. Awọn onirin irin ti a lo fun awọn iboju window jẹ gbogbo awọn okun irin-irin carbon kekere, awọn okun alumini, awọn okun iṣuu magnẹsia, awọn okun waya Ejò ati awọn irin irin alagbara, awọn okun onirin ti kii ṣe irin ti a lo pẹlu ṣiṣu, okun iwe, o tẹle hemp, bbl Awọn dada ti irin waya window iboju ti wa ni ya pẹlu alawọ ewe kun, galvanized tabi slush-molded; diẹ ninu awọn ti kii-irin waya window iboju ti wa ni dyed, ati diẹ ninu awọn ni o wa ni adayeba awọ. Irin dì pẹlu apapo. Apapo irin ti o gbooro ati apapo aluminiomu ti o gbooro. Apapo ti o gbooro jẹ ti dì erogba kekere, irin annealed tabi dì ti yiyi tutu. Awọn apapo jẹ diamond-sókè. Gẹgẹbi ipari ti dada apapo, o ti pin si apapo nla ati apapo kekere. Apapo nla Ilẹ ti apapo jẹ ti a bo pẹlu awọ pupa egboogi-ipata pupa ti irin, eyiti a lo ni gbogbogbo bi ideri aabo lori ẹrọ, tabi lo bi ipele aabo lori awọn eefin gilasi ati awọn ferese, tabi lo bi odi ipinya eefun ni awọn ile-iṣelọpọ. , warehouses, substations ati awọn miiran ibiti. Laisi kun, o ti wa ni gbogbo lo lori awọn odi, awọn ọwọn, orule, ati be be lo. ti awọn ile, ki simenti ati orombo wewe ko rọrun lati ṣubu, ati pe o ṣe ipa ti awọn ọpa irin. Apapo irin ti o nipọn tun le ṣe ipa ti o ni ẹru ati ipa anti-skid, ati pe o lo pupọ julọ bi ibi iduro, awọn ọkọ oju omi, ibode yara ẹrọ ati awọn pedal escalator. Aluminiomu gbooro irin apapo ti wa ni punched pẹlu tinrin aluminiomu awo, awọn apapo jẹ Diamond-sókè tabi egugun eja, ati awọn dada ti wa ni elekitiro-dyed sinu orisirisi awọn awọ. O ni awọn abuda ti iwuwo ina, irisi lẹwa ati agbara. Akọkọ Ti a lo ninu awọn ohun elo, awọn mita, awọn ohun elo ile, ati ẹrọ ile-iṣẹ ati ohun elo fun fentilesonu, aabo, sisẹ, ati ọṣọ. Gbona-dip galvanized waya apapo: O ti wa ni akoso nipa hun ga-didara galvanized irin waya. O ni awọn egboogi-ipata ati resistance ifoyina. Ni ibamu si awọn weaving Apẹrẹ akoj le ti wa ni pin si square apapo ati hexagonal mesh, ati be be lo. O ti wa ni lilo pupọ ni awọn aaye pupọ ti o nilo lati paade, ati apapo apapo onigun mẹrin nla ti a hun tun jẹ lilo pupọ ni awọn ile simenti.

Ohun elo idana Ohun elo ati ẹrọ fun awọn iṣẹ ibi idana ounjẹ. Ni akọkọ pẹlu awọn tabili fifọ, awọn tabili iṣẹ, awọn gige ẹfọ, awọn adiro, awọn adiro, awọn adiro, awọn apoti ohun ọṣọ, ibi ipamọ ati awọn ibori ibiti o wa. Diẹ ninu wọn ni a lo bi awọn ohun elo atilẹyin ti o wa titi fun ibi idana ounjẹ. O ti wa ni itumọ ti pọ pẹlu awọn ile ati ki o jišẹ fun lilo; apakan miiran jẹ tunto nipasẹ olumulo ile ni ibamu si awọn iwulo (wo ohun elo ojoojumọ).

Hardware wọpọ ori: kini awọn ṣiṣan ilẹ?

Igbẹ ti ilẹ jẹ wiwo pataki kan sisopọ eto paipu idominugere ati ilẹ inu ile. Gẹgẹbi apakan pataki ti eto fifa omi ni ile, iṣẹ rẹ taara ni ipa lori didara afẹfẹ inu ile, ati pe o ṣe pataki pupọ fun iṣakoso oorun ni baluwe. Igbẹ ti ilẹ jẹ dandan fun ohun ọṣọ ile Nibo ni awọn aaye diẹ wa, kini awọn ṣiṣan ilẹ? Olootu atẹle yoo ṣafihan wọn ni ọkọọkan.

Hardware wọpọ ori: kini awọn ṣiṣan ilẹ?

Kini awọn ṣiṣan ilẹ? Ni ibamu si awọn deodorant ọna, awọn pakà sisan ti wa ni o kun pin si meta orisi: omi deodorant pakà sisan, edidi deodorant pakà drains ati mẹta-ẹri pakà sisan.

Awọn egboogi-olfato pakà sisan ni wa julọ ibile ati ki o wọpọ. O ni pataki nlo wiwọ omi lati ṣe idiwọ itujade ti oorun ti o yatọ. Ninu eto ti ṣiṣan ilẹ, ibi ipamọ omi jẹ bọtini. Iru ṣiṣan ilẹ yẹ ki o gbiyanju lati yan ibi ipamọ omi ti o jinlẹ. O ko le kan wo irisi lẹwa. Ni ibamu si awọn iṣedede ti o yẹ, ara ti ṣiṣan ilẹ tuntun yẹ ki o rii daju pe iga omi ti o ga jẹ 5cm, ati pe o ni agbara kan lati tọju edidi omi lati gbẹ lati yago fun õrùn.

Bayi diẹ ninu awọn ṣiṣan ilẹ ti o kere pupọ wa lori ọja, eyiti o lẹwa pupọ, ṣugbọn ipa ti olfato ko han gbangba. Ti aaye baluwe rẹ ko ba jẹ yara ti o ni imọlẹ, lẹhinna o dara julọ lati yan diẹ ninu awọn ibile. Igbẹhin egboogi-orun pakà sisan tọka si fifi a The oke ideri edidi awọn pakà sisan ara lati se awọn wònyí. Awọn anfani ti ṣiṣan ilẹ-ilẹ yii ni pe o dabi igbalode ati avant-garde, ṣugbọn aila-nfani ni pe o ni lati tẹ silẹ lati gbe ideri ni gbogbo igba ti o ba lo, eyiti o jẹ wahala.

Ṣugbọn laipẹ, imudọgba ilẹ ipakà ti o ni ilọsiwaju ti han lori ọja naa. Orisun kan wa labẹ ideri oke. Nigbati o ba nlo ideri oke pẹlu ẹsẹ rẹ, ideri oke yoo gbe jade, ati pe o le tẹ sẹhin nigbati o ko ba lo. O ti wa ni jo diẹ rọrun. Awọn aabo mẹta Igbẹ ti ilẹ jẹ imugbẹ ilẹ ipakà ti o ni ilọsiwaju ti o ni ilọsiwaju julọ titi di isisiyi. O fi sori ẹrọ bọọlu kekere lilefoofo loju omi ni opin isalẹ ti ara ṣiṣan ti ilẹ, o si nlo titẹ omi ati titẹ afẹfẹ ninu paipu idọti lati koju bọọlu naa ki o wa ni pipade patapata pẹlu ṣiṣan ilẹ, nitorinaa Mu ipa ti deodorization ṣiṣẹ, kokoro apanirun ati egboogi-aponsedanu.

Ohun ti hardware onkan pẹlu

Awọn ohun elo ile Hardware ni akọkọ tọka si awọn ohun elo itanna ti a ṣe ti irin, pẹlu ohun elo, ohun elo ojoojumọ, ohun elo ikole, awọn ẹya ara ẹrọ, awọn ipese aabo, ati bẹbẹ lọ, laarin eyiti ohun elo n tọka si eekanna, skru, awọn titiipa, awọn orisun omi, ati bẹbẹ lọ, ohun elo ojoojumọ ni Scissors. , Awọn abẹrẹ iṣẹṣọ, ohun elo ayaworan pẹlu awọn boluti ilẹkun, awọn titiipa ilẹkun, awọn ẹwọn ole jija, adiro, ati bẹbẹ lọ.

Kini awọn oriṣiriṣi awọn ohun elo ohun elo

Awọn ohun elo ile Hardware tọka si awọn ohun elo itanna ti a ṣe ti wura, fadaka, aluminiomu, tin, bàbà, irin ati awọn irin miiran. Wọn pin ni akọkọ si awọn ẹka meji, pẹlu awọn ipese agbara, awọn atupa, awọn sockets, awọn iyipada, awọn capacitors, reactors, resistors, ati bẹbẹ lọ. .

Awọn ohun elo ile Hardware ti pin si awọn oriṣi meji: hardware ati awọn ohun elo itanna. Lara wọn, ohun elo ni a tun pe ni ohun elo, eyiti o tọka si awọn ọja ohun elo ni ori aṣa, gẹgẹbi awọn ọbẹ irin, idà ati awọn irinṣẹ itọju.

Iwọn ti awọn ohun elo ohun elo ni awujọ ode oni jẹ gbooro diẹ sii, ni akọkọ pin si awọn irinṣẹ ohun elo, awọn ẹya ohun elo, ohun elo ojoojumọ, ohun elo ikole, awọn ipese aabo, ati bẹbẹ lọ, laarin eyiti ohun elo ojoojumọ n tọka si awọn ọja bii awọn pan, awọn abọ, awọn abere, scissors, ati ohun elo ti ayaworan tọka si awọn titiipa ilẹkun. , enu boluti ati awọn miiran irin awọn ẹya ẹrọ.